PART III. 1700s
Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida L.)
1712-1719. Banister and Catesby noted a variety with its rose-coloured involucre in Virginia. Cultivated in Virginia plantations between 1712 and 1719. Phillip Miller or Fairchild introduced it into England.
The Red Osier (Cornus stolonifera Michx.) and Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum Miller) also came to be favored.
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Tickseed/Coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata L.)
1725. Cultivated in Britain. From Virginia to Wisconsin, extending south to Florida and west to New Mexico.
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Foamflower (Tiarella cordifolia L.)
1731. Cultivated in Britain. Native to New Brunswick, westward to Michigan, south to No. Carol. and Tenn.
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Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.)
1732. James Sherard cultivated it in Britain. Native to New England from Western Massachusetts westward to Illinois, and south to Alabama and Georgia.
Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens L.)
1736. Peter Collinson introduced it to England and cultivated it. Extends from New York to Missouri, south to Georgia and Oklahoma.
Witch-Hazel (Hamamaelis virginiana L.)
1736. Peter Collinson introduced it to England.
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.)
1750. Northern Hemisphere plant; found in Great Britian about 1700. Noted in the New World by Kalm in 1750.
Galax (Galax aphylla L.)
1751. Cultivated in Britain. Native to the Virginias, extending south to Georgia and Alabama.
Bee Balm (Monarda didyma L.)
1755. Cultivated in England by Peter Collinson. Native to colonies of New York, south to Georgia and Tennessee, and west to the Great Lakes.
Bachelor’s Button (Gomphrena globosa L. and Centaurea cyanus L.)
1759. Noted by Miller in Gardener’s Dictionary.
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.)
1759. Noted by Miller to be growing in England in 1680 by a Mr. Walker…in St. James Street not far from St. James Palace…” (Favretti and DeWolf, p. 44).
Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis L.)
1759. Noted by Miller (1759, 1799)
Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.)
1759. Noted by Miller (1759, 1799)
Sweetbay Magnolia (Magnolia virginiana L.)
1759/1799. Other names: White Laurel, Swamp Sassafras, and Beaver Tree. No Date. (Miller)
Sallad-Tree/Judas Tree/Arbor-Judae (Cercis canadensis L. and C. siliquastrum L.)
1759. Miller states C. siliquastrum flowers and pods were eaten. French Canadians used the flowers in salads and pickles.
Wax Myrtle/Bayberry (Myrica cerifera L.; M. pensylvanica Loisel.)
1759/1799. Found growing from Newfoundland to North Carolina for M. pensylvanica. From Delaware to Florida for M. cerifera. Early mention by Miller (1749/1799) refers to its use for making candles.
Golden Ragwort (Senecio aureus L.)
1759. Cultivated in England. Native to Maryland, west to Missouri, south to Florida and Arkansas.
Inkberry (Ilex glabra (L.) Gray
1759. Cultivated in England. Native to Nova Scotia, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Lizard’s Tail (Saururus cernuus L.)
1759. Cultivated in England. Native to Rhode Island and Quebec regions, extending south to Florida and Texas.
Aster, Stokes (Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene
1766. Introduced to England about 1766 by James Gordon.
GENERA
Phlox (Phlox paniculata L., P. maculata L., and P. carolina L.)
1728 or earlier. Phlox carolina L. Cultivated in Britain before this date. Native to Maryland, west to Indiana, south to North Carolina and Alabama.
1732. Phlox paniculata L. Cultivated in England by James Sherard. Native to New York, west to Iowa, south to Georgia and Arkansas.
1759. Phlox maculata L. Cultivated in England. Native to Quebec, southwest to Minnesota, south to Tenn., and across into Missouri.
Turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.; Chelone obliqua L.)
1630 or earlier. Chelone glabra L. From Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. Prior to 1630, it was cultivated in Britain.
1732. Chelone obliqua L. Cultivated in Britain. From Maryland, across to Tennessee, south to Florida and Mississippi.
Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.)
1621. Cultivated in Virginia as early as this date, but not important as a fiber crop or medicine until much later.
Fruits and Nuts. 1700-1776
Red Mulberry (Morus rubra L.)
1629. Introduced to Britain for cultivation. Native to Vermont, west to So. Dak., south to Florida, and then west to Texas.
Crab Apple (Malus angustifolia (Aiton) Michx.)
1725. Introduced to Britain for cultivation. Native to Virginia, south to Florida, and west to Mississippi.
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton)
pre?1820. According to Favretti and DeWolf (1972), this wasn’t a crop plant until 1820.
Blackberry (Rubus spp.)
pre?1832. Used to make hedge rows, which often formed spontaneously. According to Favretti and DeWolf (1972), this wasn’t a crop plant until 1832.
Shrubs, Trees and Vines, 1700-1776
1. Standing Shade and Decorative Trees
Conifers
Juniper (Juniperus communis L.)
1560. Native to both the New and Old World. Cultivated in England by this time. Chinese Juniper of China, Mongolia and Japan was introduced to England and cultivated by 1767.
Bald or Deciduous Cypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Richard)
1640. Cultivated in England by John Tradescant, Jr.
White or Weymouth Pine (Pinus strobus L.)
1705. Introduced into England, and cultivated by the Duchess of Beaufort.
Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)
1736. Cultivated in England.
Atlantic White Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP.)
1736. Cultivated in England by Collinson.
Virginia Scrub Pine (Pinus virginiana Miller)
1739. Introduced to England.
Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.)
1759. Noted by Miller (1759, 1799)
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Maples
Box Elder (Acer negundo L.)
1688. Cultivated in England by Bishop Compton.
Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum L.)
1725. Introduced to England. The Norway Maple (A. platanoides L.) of Europe wasn’t cultivated in England until 1724.
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marshall)
1735. Introduced to England. Humphrey Marshall improved the taxonomic understanding of the Acer saccharum and A. saccharinum in 1785.
Moosewood (Acer pensylvanicum L.)
1745. Cultivated in England.
Elm
American Elm (Ulmus americana L.)
1752. Introduced into cultivation in England.
Winged Elm (Ulmus alata Michx.)
pre?1820. Cultivated? Introduced to England.
Legumes
Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.)
1700. Cultivated in England by Bishop Compton.
Trefoil/Hop-Tree (Ptelea trifoliata L.)
1704. Sent to England by Rev. Banister of Virginia.
Kentucky Coffee-Bean/Kentucky Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch)
1748. First cultivated at Paris, and later by Archibald, Duke or Argyle, in England, 1748.
Pink or Rose Locust/Acacia Locust (Robinia hispida L.)
1758. Cultivated in England.
Rosaceae
Cherry Laurel (Prunus caroliniana (Miller) Aiton)
1725. Possibly introduced into cultivation by Mark Catesby of Charleston.
1750. Introduced into England by Philip Miller.
Red Chokecherry (Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell.)
1673. Mentioned by Josselyn.
1700. Cultivated in England by Earl of Clarendon.
Wild Sweet Crabapple/Anchor Tree (Malus coronaria (L.) Miller)
1724. Cultivated in England.
Oaks (Quercus spp.)
Chestnut Oak (Q. prinus L.)
1730. Cultivated in England.
Water Oak (Q. nigra L.)
1739. Cultivated in England.
Live Oak (Q. virginiana Miller)
1739. Cultivated in England. At times, confused with Willow Oak (Q. phellos L.) by early colonists, explorers and pioneers.
Southern Red Oak (Q. falcata Michx.)
1763. Cultivated in England.
Hickory
Scaley bark (Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch)
1629. Cultivated.
Mississippi Nut Pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)
1766. Introduced to England.
1772. Cultivated in New York by William Prince.
Shellbark Hickory (Carya laciniosa Loud.)
1804. Perhaps first time this was cultivated.
Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.)
1656. Cultivated in England by John Tradescant, Jr.
Chinquapin (Castanea pumila (L.) Miller)
1699. Cultivated in England by Duchess of Beaufort.
Buckeye
Sweet Buckeye (Aesculus octandra Marshall)
1764. Cultivated in England by John Greening.
Dwarf Horsechestnut/Red Buckeye (Aesculus pavia L.)
1712. Cultivated in England.
Magnolias
Southern, Magnolia or Carolina Laurel (Magnolia grandiflora L.)
1737. Mark Catesby sent samples of this to England.
Umbrella Magnolia (Magnolia tripetala L.)
1752. Cultivated in England.
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American or White Ash (Fraxinus americana L.)
1724. Seeds were sent to England for cultivation by “Mr. Moore” (Robert More) of Shrewsbury.
American Beech (Fagus grandifolia Erhr.)
1766. Introduced into cultivation in England by a nursery firm operated by Kennedy and Lee.
Native to eastern North America, as far north as Prince Edward Island and Ontario, as far south as Texas.
Black Birch (Betula lenta L.)
1759. Cultivated in England by Phillip Miller.
River Birch (Betula nigra L.)
1736. Cultivated in England by Peter Collinson.
Eastern Cottonwood Poplar (Populus deltoides Marshall)
1750 or prior. Cultivated in England.
American Linden (Tilia americanum L.)
1752. Cultivated in England.
Black Gum/Tupelo/Sour Gum (Nyssa sylvatica Marshall)
1750. Cultivated in Britain by Archibald, Duke or Argyle.
Catalpa/Southern Catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides Walter)
1726. Sent to England by Mark Catesby.
American Elder (Sambucus canadensis L.)
1768. Cultivated in England.
Groundsel Tree (Baccharus halimifolia L.)
1688. Cultivated in England by Bishop Compton.
Hawthorn/Cockspur (Crataegus crus-galli L.)
1691. Cultivated in England by Hbl. Charles Howard. Of southeastern Canada, west to Minn., so. to So. Carol., and southwest to Texas.
Washington Thorn/Hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum (L.f.) Medic.)
1738. Cultivated in England.
Swamp Holly/Possum Haw (Ilex decidua Walter)
1760. Cultivated in Britain by Archibald, Duke of Argyle.
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana Walter)
1812. Introduced to England.
Ironwood/Hop Tree (Ostyra virginiana (Miller) K. Koch)
1692. Cultivated in England.
Leatherwood (Dirca palustris L.)
1750. Cultivated in Britain by Archibald, Duke of Argyle.
Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.)
1633. Cultivated in England, as noted by Parkinson.
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal)
1736. Cultivated in England by Mark Catesby.
Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.)
1752. Cultivated in England.
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2. Shrubs
Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium L.)
1731. Cultivated in England.
Arrow-wood (Viburnum dentatum L.)
1736. Cultivated in England by Peter Collinson. Massachusetts, so. to Fla., and southwest to Texas.
Nannyberry/Sheepberry (Viburnum lentago L.)
1761. Cultivated in England.
Maple-Leaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium L.)
1736. Cultivated in England by Collinson.
Witherod (Viburnum cassinoides L.)
1761. Cultivated in England by Mr. James Gordon.
Burning Bush (Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.)
1756. Cultivated by Messrs. Lee and Kennedy in England.
Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginica L.)
1736. Cultivated in England by Collinson.
Great-fruited or Large-berried Thorn (Crataegus punctatus Jacq.)
1746. Cultivated in Britain by Archibald, Duke of Argyle.
Virginia Willow/Sweet Spire (Itea virginica L.)
1744. Cultivated in Britain by Archibald, Duke of Argyle.
American Wisteria (Wisteria frutescens (L.) Poiret)
1724. Introduced into England by Mark Catesby.
Smooth Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens L.)
1736. Cultivated in England by Collinson.
Carolina Allspice/Sweetshrub (Calycanthus floridus L.)
1726. Introduced into England by Mark Catesby.
Winterberry/Swamp Red-Berry (Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray)
1736. Cultivated in England by Collinson.
Cassine/Cassioberry/Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria Aiton; I. cassine L.)
1700. Already being cultivated in England.
1726. Seed sent to England by Mark Catesby.
Flaming Azalea (Rhododendron spp.)
R. viscosum (L.) Torrey. Swamp White Azalea
1734. Cultivated by Peter Collinson in England.
R. maximum L.
R. periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners
R. prionophyllum (Small) Millais
R. canescens (Michx.) Sweet
R. atlanticum (Ashe) Rehder
1734. One or more cultivated by Peter Collinson.
R. indicum Sweet. Azalea/Indica
1759. Known, but not cultivated.
1808. Introduced to England.
1787-1796. Introduced to Charleston, S.C., by Andre Michaux.
R. calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. [deep red flowers]
1806. Poss. cultivation.
Leucothoe (Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) D. Don)
1765. Cultivated In England by John Cree.
Andromeda (Leucothoe racemosa (L.) Gray)
1736. Cultivated by Peter Collinson in England.
1750. Noted by Peter Kalm.
Grows native from Massachusetts to Florida.
Stewartia (Stewartia malachodendron L.)
1743. Cultivated in England.
Mountain Stewartia (Stewartia ovata (Cav.) Weatherby)
1785. Cultivated in England.
Fragrant Sumac/Pole-Cat Bush (Rhus aromatica Aiton)
1772. Cultivated in England.
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3. Lesser Shrubs
Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus L.)
1750. Noted by Peter Kalm.
NOTE: Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. is the Lingon or Cowberry, and is noted by Favretti and DeWolf to not have been cultivated in America. (p. 128)
Sweet Fern (Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter)
1714. Cultivated in England by Duchess of Beaufort.
American Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana L.)
1724. Sent from North Carolina by Mark Catesby to Phillip Miller of England.
Button Bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis L.)
1735. Cultivated in England by Peter Collinson.
Sweet Pepper Bush (Clethra alnifolia L.)
1730. Introduced for cultivation in England.
Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench.)
1730. Cultivated in England.
Emerus (Coronilla emerus L.)
1596. Noted by John Gerard.
Dwarf Fothergilla (Fothergilla gardenii Murr.)
1765. Cultivated in England.
Franklinia (Franklinia alatamaha Marshall)
1765. Discovered in Georgia. Grown by John Bartram in his botanical garden very soon after.
Inkberry (Ilex glabra (L.) Gray)
1759. Cultivated in England.
Laurel/Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.)
1734. Introduced for cultivation in England by Peter Collinson.
Snowy Mespilus (Amelanchier stolonifera Weigand)
1746. Possibly cultivated in England as early as 1746.
Nannyberry/Sheepberry (Viburnum lentago L.)
1761. Cultivated in England.
New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus L.)
1713. Bishop Compton cultivated it in England.
Potentilla (Potentilla fruticosa L.)
1700. Cultivated in England.
Red Bay (Persea borbonia (L.) Sprengel)
1739. Cultivated in England.
Swamp or Wild Rose (Rosa palustris Marshall)
1726. Cultivated in England.
Shadblow/Shadbush/Service Berry (Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic.)
???. Cultivated in England. More likely, a relative, A. stolonifera, was cultivated in England, according to Favretti and DeWolf.
Silver Bell/Carolina or Snowdrop Tree (Halesia carolina L.)
1756. Cultivated in England by John Ellis, from seeds sent by Dr. Alexander Garden.
Hardhack (Spiraea tomentosa L.)
1736. Cultivated in England by Peter Collinson.
Swamp Cyrilla (Cyrilla racemiflora L.)
1765. Cultivated in England by John Cree.
4. Vines/Lianes
American Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens L.)
1736. Cultivated in England by Peter Collinson.
Clematis (Clematis virginiana L.)
1767. Cultivated in England by James Gordon.
Cross Vine (Bignonia capreolata L.)
1730. Cultivated in England.
Poison Oak (Rhus toxicodendron L. or Rhus radicans L.)
1640. Cultivated in England.
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5. Small Decoratives, Fleurs, etc.
Bastard Indigo/Amorpha (Amorpha fruticosa L.)
1724. Mark Catesby sent this to England. Native to North America, it is found growing in southern Pennsylvania, south to Florida, west to Lousiana, and across to Kansas.
Aralia/Devil’s Walking Stick (Aralia spinosa L.)
1688. Sent by Reverend John Banister of Virginia to Bishop Compton in England, who then cultivated it. (Favretti and DeWolf, 1972.)
NO DATE
Yellow Bachelor’s Buttons (Ranunculus acris L.)
No first date given.
American Everlasting/Cudweed (Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Bentham)
???
Sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.) is termed Native in North Temperate Zone.”
Has both Old World and New World Natural histories.
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees.)
Used to produce a concoction known as Bochet. No date.
Brian Altonen, MPH, MS 