Timeline of Medical Schools

Introduction

One of the more common quotes we tend to see in medical history is the following by historians William Smith and John Van Ness Yates in History of New-York: from the first discovery to the year M.DCC.XXXII  . . . (London, 1757, page 212):

In most modern writings on medical history, this quote symbolizes the biasness that exists most of the time on behalf of researchers and writers.  The use of this quote tells us the writers have an agenda to their work, an agenda that existed from the moment they began their research.   This implies a significant amount of cultural biasness exists in this writing, which offers to its readers a one-sided view of American medical history. 

We also tend to find this form of cultural biasness elsewhere in the professional journals as well.  The most traditional examples pertain to the history of American Indians and African/Afro-American slavery.  For the American Indian, the common viewpoint was that the Indian was poor, lived in an unhealthy way, and needed to be acculturated–converted to Christianity.  For the African immigrant or better stated–involuntarily imported slave– the common viewpoint is that we should not be overly judgmental of the African response to this fact of life during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, but to be very critical of those who initiated this form of trade today in our writings. 

For each of these two types of historical events, there is an obvious right and wrong that has already defined by society before these projects began and well before their results were published.  The same is not so true for medical history.  Medical historians start with the assumption that the MD [they] are the best trained and taught in medicine, by a form of schooling that is the most accepted for of medical education according to “institutional standards”, these institutions of course being the medical schools supported and accredited by a society and/or board of highly trained professional members.   These members in turn represent most correct way of thinking when it comes to the pursuit of medical knowledge.  This means the MD who is so defined by their standards is always right, and everyone else is wrong.  

The truth of the matter however is that such was rarely the case in regular medicine prior to the Civil War.  If we are to accept a possible follow-up arguments to what has just been stated, the fact that at least “MD’s” were better trained, then we are left to confess that bleeding is better than the non-bleeding option, and that the use of mineral remedies resulting in numerous deaths per year according to the coroner reports published for the time, and that promoting  the use of opiate derivatives, mercurials, arsenic, and a long list of many other highly toxic substances based on today’s standards, form a more correct way to treat a patient than to promote a physician who was more for diet and nutrition therapy, outside exercise activities, the use of  less toxic non-mineral remedies, and the replacement of the lancet with the sweat bath.  Obviously, the regular physician was not only way off in his/her definition of safe therapeutics, the association of these physicians that was then forming due to these belief became necessary because regular doctors were wrong and irregular doctors were right, at least in the eyes of the general public. 

Therefore it is safe to say that regular MDs were a failing bunch of epidemiologists unable to define the causes for most disease, no more or no less than any other kind of physician out there.  In contrast with this fairly judgmental statement is that regular MDs and the scientists supporting their cause were at times ahead of the irregular physicians when it came to making certain important discoveries in health, physiology, pathology and medicine.   Setting these findings aside for the moment, it was not these finding that defined the profession, but more so the philosophy they helped physicians go on to define.  It was these philosophy that were being argued more so between these different medical fields than the efficacy and success of the different manners of treatment.  For this reason, in terms of the failing enterprise of regular medicine around 1845-1850, something had to be done politically, not logically, intellectually or scientifically, to make regular medicine the guiding force for United States medicine.  This became the chief objective for physicians in all lines of medicine throughout the 1850s.  The failures and successes of these various activities we find evidence for throughout the medical journals then being published.   Unfortunately for regular doctors, ongoing failures and dangerous therapeutic practices got in the way of much of any success they had during this time with politics or science.

The above quote by Smith and Yates symbolizes much of the biasness that has and still exists in many of the reviews of medical history.  Professional bias still gets in the way of many articles written about the contemporary issues that exist for “alternative”, “complementary” or “integrated” medicine.   Doctors are still mostly learned in their traditional MD skills, and anything from novices to self-proclaimed experts in the other fields.  They continue to profess their certainty about whatever judgments they make about non-allopathic medicine, and when fists come to shove on the main stage of this very public political battle, it is the MD profession that wins, not the patient, not the doctor, not the alternative doctor.  A physician who criticizes homeopathy for example is like a doctor who told the American Indians that they would be better off practicing and learning the contemporary Euro-american medical practices for the time.  “Tis Better to Bleed than to Prevent’ one might say with these particular mindsets. 

So, I am willing to bet that the contemporary writers who utilize these old quotes probably don’t know who they are quoting.  The Thomas Paine in me tells me they are quoting someone symbolic of their own stubbornness for certain beliefs they started with once they initiated their particular project.  Historians Smith and Yates were very much colonial and anti-patriotic in nature, pre-Brit more than pro-American. This statement warns us about the ethnocentricity that tends to get in the way of most medical history writings.  The writers today who quote Smith and Yates are in essence demonstrating to us that they are culturally biased in their approach, if they don’t hesitate for a moment to reflect on the truth behind these words.

The final evidence showing these past writers haven’t dome much research on their original sources appears when they never consider and state the limited training that even the most elite of the regular doctors go through.   Those without the proper schooling or apprenticeship history were considered “quacks,”  meaning that many of today’s most important US physicians were also quack as wells.  A very good argument against Smith and Yates statement appears in Outlines of the history of medicine and the medical profession (JH Vail & Co., NY, 1889).  The authors of this work, Johann Hermann Baas and Henry Ebenezer Handerson, wrote the following commentary on  Smith and Yates’s writings (pp. 823-5 sorry for the poor scans the IT tech/Student Employment department provided):

Chronological Review

  • 1765.  PA.  REGULAR.  Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA.   Org. 1765, 1st class 1768.  REGULAR. 
  • 1767.  NY.  REGULAR.  College of Physicians and Surgeons, of NYC, NEW YORK.  First estab 1767, Org. 1807, 1st class ca. 1811.  REGULAR.
  • 1770.  MD.  A school may have been started in Baltimore, Md.  Noted by at lest one 19th C medical historian evidence for official organization appears in directories.  
  • 1782.  MA.  REGULAR.  Harvard University, Medical School, Boston, MASSACHUSETTS.  Org. 1782, 1st class 1783.  REGULAR. 
  • 1797.  NH.  REGULAR.  Dartmouth College, Medical Department, Hanover, NEW HAMPSHIRE.  Org. 1797, 1st class 1798.  REGULAR.
  • 1807.  MD.  REGULAR.  University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MARYLAND.  Org. 1807, 1st class 1810.  REGULAR.
  • 1811.  RI.  REGULAR.  University, Medical Department, Providence, RHODE ISLAND.  Org 1811–1827.  REGULAR.
  • 1812.  NY.  REGULAR.  College of Physicians and Surgeons of Western New York, Fairfield, NEW YORK.  Org. 1812.  REGULAR.
  • 1814.  NY.  REGULAR.  New Medical Institute (Queens College), NEW YORK.  Org. 1814, –1830.  REGULAR.
  • 1817.  OH.  REGULAR/REFORMED?  (Medical College), Columbus, OHIO.  Van Kleeck initiated.  Short-lived?   REGULAR/REFORMED?   
  • 1821.  OH.  REGULAR.  Medical College of Ohio, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1819, 1st class 1821.  REGULAR.
  • 1820.  ME.  REGULAR.  Medical School of Maine, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, MAINE.  Org. 1820, 1st class 1821.  REGULAR.
  • 1821.  DC.  REGULAR.  National Medical College, Medical Department, Columbia University.   Washington, DC.  Org. 1821, 1st class 1822.  REGULAR.
  • 1823.  VT.  REGULAR.  Medical Department, Burlington, VERMONT.  Org. 1822, 1st class 1823.  REGULAR.
  • 1824.  MA.  REGULAR.  Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield, MASSACHUSETTS.  Org. 1824.  REGULAR.  
  • 1824.  SC.  REGULAR.  Medical College of South Carolina, Charleston, SOUTH CAROLINA.   Org. 1824–1839.  REGULAR.
  • 1825.  VA.  REGULAR.  Univ. Virginia Medical Department, Charlottseville, VIRGNIA.  Org. 1825, 1st class 1828.  REGULAR.
  • 1826.  VA.  REGULAR.  Medical School Valley of Virginia, Winchester, VIRGINIA.  Org. 1826. REGULAR.
  • 1827.  VT.  REGULAR.  Vermont Medical College, Woodstock, VERMONT.  Org. 1827.  REGULAR.
  • 1830.  NY.  REGULAR.  Auburn, NEW YORK.  REGULAR.
  • 1830.  NY.  REGULAR.  Geneva, NEW YORK.  REGULAR.  
  • 1826.  PA.  REGULAR. Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA.  Org. 1826, 1st class 1827.  REGULAR.
  • 1829.  GA.  REGULAR.  Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GEORGIA.   Org. 1829.  REGULAR.
  • 1831.  NY.  REGULAR.  NY School of Medicine, NYC, NEW YORK.  Org. 1831.  REGULAR.
  • 1832.  OH.  REFORMED/ECLECTIC.  Worthington Medical College, Worthington, OHIO.  Org. 1832.  REFORMED/ECLECTIC
  • 1833.  IN.  REGULAR.  University of Indiana, New Albany, INDIANA.  Org. 1833.  Extinct by time of R.L Polk’s writings.  REGULAR.
  • 1833.  SC.  REGULAR.  Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Charleston, SOUTH CAROLINA.   Org. 1833.  REGULAR.  
  • 1834.  OH.  REGULAR?  Worthington Medical College, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1834. REGULAR?
  • 1834.  OH.  REGULAR.  Cinncinatti Medical College, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1834.  REGULAR.
  • 1834.  LA.  REGULAR.  Tulane University, Medical Department, New Orleans, LOUISIANA.   Org. 1834.  REGULAR.  
  • 1839.  OH.  ECLECTIC.  American Medical College, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1839.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1839.  PA.  REGULAR.  Pennsylvania Medical College, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA. Org. 1839.  Extinct by time of Polk’s writings.  REGULAR.  
  • 1839.  GA.  BOTANICAL.  Botanico-medical College, Forsyth-Macon, GEORGIA.  Org 1839, 1st class 1841.  BOTANICAL
  • 1839.  OH.  ECLECTIC.  American Medical College (Eclectic), Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1839.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1840.  MO.  REGULAR.  Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, MISSOURI.  Org. 1840, 1st class ca. 1845(?).  REGULAR.
  • 1840.  OH.  BOTANIC.  Botanico-medical College of Cinncinati, OHIO.  Org. 1840.  In 1850 the name was changed to Physio-medical college. BOTANIC.
  • 1841.  MO.  REGULAR.  St. Louis Medical College, St. Louis, MISSOURI.  Org. 1841.  REGULAR.
  • 1843.  IL.  REGULAR.  Rush Medical College, Jacksonville, ILLINOIS.  Org. 1842, 1st class 1843. REGULAR.
  • 1843.  IL.  REGULAR.  Medical Department, Illinois College,     Jacksonville.   ILLINOIS   1843. REGULAR.
  • 1845.  OH.  ECLECTIC.  Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org 1845, 1st class 1845.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1845.  MA.  REGULAR. Worcester Medical College, Worcester, MASSACHUSETTS.  Org. 1845–1859.   ECLECTIC.
  • 1845.  MO.  REGULAR.  University State of Missouri Medical School, Columbia, MISSOURI.  Org. 1845, 1st class 1846.  REGULAR.
  • 1846?. KY.  ECLECTIC.  Eclectic Medical College, Louisville, KENTUCKY.  From ? — to ca. 1848.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1846.  TN.  REGULAR/BOTANIC?  Botanic-medical College, Memphis, TENNESSEE.  Org. 1846–1860.  Mixed history, between Regular and Botanic.    Michael Gabbert, author of a history of Reformed Medicne in the Southern United States, suggests political problems had commenced around 1850. Articles published in 1850 in the Physiomedical Recorder (editor Alva Curtis, Illinois) confirm this.  BOTANIC.
  • 1848.  KY.  ECLECTIC.  King Eclectic Medical College, Louisville, KENTUCKY.  Org. 1848, extinct by printing of Polk’s Dir.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1848.  PA.  HOMEOPATHIC.  Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA.  Org. 1848, 1st class 1849.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1848.  IN.  BOTANIC?  (Indiana Medical College).  1848.  One session in INDIANA.   Removed to Rock Island, IL.   BOTANIC?
  • 1848.  NY.  ECLECTIC.  Rochester Eclectic Medical College, Rochester, NEW YORK.  Org. 1848–1852.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1848.  PA.  HOMEOPATHIC.  Homeopathic Medical College of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA.  Org. 1848.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1849.  IL.  BOTANIC?.  (Medical College).  1849.  One Session.  Rock Island, ILLINOIS.  Removed to Davenport, IA.  BOTANIC?
  • 1849.  OH.  HOMEOPATHIC.  Homeopathic Hospital College, Cleveland, OHIO.  Org. 1849.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1850.  GA.  THOMSONIAN.  Thompsonian College, Barbourville, GEORGIA.  Org. 1850,  Extinct.  THOMSONIAN.
  • 1850. NY.  ECLECTIC.   Syracuse Medical College, Syracuse, NEW YORK.  Org. 1850–1857.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1850.  KY.  REGULAR.  Transylvania University, Medical Department, Lexington, KENTUCKY.   Org. 1817, 1st class 1850/9.  REGULAR.
  • 1850.  IA.  BOTANIC?/REGULAR?  (Medical College).  1849.  One Session.  Davenport, IOWA.  Removed to Des Moines and then purchased or merged with Keokuk, IA;   BOTANIC?, merged with REGULAR  in Keokuk?
  • 1851.  IL.  HOMEOPATHIC.  Hahnemann Medical College, Altosp., Chicago, ILLINOIS.  Org. 1851, 1st class 1860.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1852.  NY.  ECLECTIC.  Metropolitan Medical College, NYC, NEW YORK.  Org. 1852–1862.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1856.  OH.  ECLECTIC.  Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1856, 1st class 1857.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1859. MO.  HOMEOPATHIC.   Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri, St. Louis Missouri, St. Louis, MISSOURI.   Org. 1859.   HOMEOPATHIC.
  • (1859).  MO.  HOMEOPATHIC.  4 others in St. Louis, MISSOURI.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1859.  PA.  ECLECTIC.  American Eclectic Medicine College, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA.  Org 1859–1880. ECLECTIC.
 
 
 
 
 

Maps to be discussed on separate pages that follow.

 The First Schools

  • 1765.  PA.  REGULAR.  Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA.   Org. 1765, 1st class 1768.  REGULAR.
  • 1767.  NY.  REGULAR.  College of Physicians and Surgeons, of New York City, NEW YORK.  First estab 1767, Org. 1807, 1st class ca. 1811.  REGULAR.
  • 1770.  MD.  REGULAR.  Baltimore, MARYLAND.  [Unofficial, may have been approved for charter and not opened.}

  • 1782.  MA.  REGULAR.  Harvard University, Medical School, Boston, MASSACHUSETTS.  Org. 1782, 1st class 1783.  REGULAR.
  • Yale University not yet developed into a Medical School.  The first Hon. MD was granted by Yale in 1720, to Daniel Turner, in exchange for a collection of books he donated (and for many was the author for.  See Dr. Osborn section with Turner’s biography for more on this.)
  • Rutgers was originally affiliated with the New York school and its staff working as part of the New York medical school and professional medical journal publications team.  Rutgers is reviewed at this point in history in association with the New York city school; its sphere of influence started as northern New Jersey into New York, and later extended southward towards Philadelphia.

 

The Ivy League Colleges and Others

 

  • 1796.  NC.  REGULAR.  University of North Carolina, Medical Department, Chapel Hill, NORTH CAROLINA.  Org. 1796, 1st class???  REGULAR.  (Not in above illustration)

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 Early Professional State Licensure

  • 1807.  MD.  REGULAR.  University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MARYLAND.  Org. 1807, 1st class 1810.  REGULAR.
  • 1811.  RI.  REGULAR.  University, Medical Department, Providence, RHODE ISLAND.  Org 1811–1827.  REGULAR.

.

.

War of 1812

  • 1812.  NY.  REGULAR.  College of Physicians and Surgeons of Western New York, Fairfield, NEW YORK.  Org. 1812.  REGULAR.
  • 1814.  NY.  REGULAR.  New Medical Institute (Queens College), NEW YORK.  Org. 1814, –1830.  REGULAR.

 

Spheres of Influence before Reformed Medicine

.

The Migration of Thomsonianism (TH) in relation to Spheres of Influence

.

The Rapid Diffusion of Regular Medicine

(Also note the Reformed School of Medicine opened for one year in New York City, 1825)

  • 1818.  VT.  REGULAR.  Castleton Medical College, Castleton, VERMONT.  Org. 1818, by Oct. 29th, 1818 State Act.1823.  University of Vermont,  REGULAR.
  • [1824/5-6]  REFORMED.  New York, NY.  REFORMED SCHOOL by physician who graduated from a NY medical school.  Driven out of the city and state by a mob.  Reopened a new school by invitation in Cincinnatti, Ohio, 1832.
  • 1830.  NY.  REGULAR.  Auburn, NEW YORK.  REGULAR.
  • 1830.  NY.  REGULAR.  Geneva, NEW YORK.  REGULAR.  
  • 1826.  PA.  REGULAR. Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA.  Org. 1826, 1st class 1827.  REGULAR.
  • 1829.  GA.  REGULAR.  Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GEORGIA.   Org. 1829.  REGULAR.
  • 1831.  NY.  REGULAR.  NY School of Medicine, NYC, NEW YORK.  Org. 1831.  REGULAR.
  • 1832.  OH.  REFORMED/ECLECTIC.  Worthington Medical College, Worthington, OHIO.  Org. 1832.  REFORMED/ECLECTIC
  • 1833.  IN.  REGULAR.  University of Indiana, New Albany, INDIANA.  Org. 1833.  Extinct by time of R.L Polk’s writings.  REGULAR.
  • 1833.  SC.  REGULAR.  Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Charleston, SOUTH CAROLINA.   Org. 1833.  REGULAR. 
  • 1834.  OH.  REGULAR?  Worthington Medical College, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1834. REGULAR?
  • 1834.  OH.  REGULAR.  Cinncinatti Medical College, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1834.  REGULAR.
  • 1834.  LA.  REGULAR.  Tulane University, Medical Department, New Orleans, LOUISIANA.   Org. 1834.  REGULAR.

.

Niduses or Nests for Regions, as defined by Spheres of Influence

.

.

 

 Isochrones of the Diffusion Process

.

  • 1834.  NY.  ECLECTIC.  NY Reformed Medical College (Eclectic), NYC, NEW YORK.  Org 1834, –1838.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1835.  OH.  ?????.  Willoughby University, Medical Department, Willoughby, OHIO.  Org. 1835, 1st class ?
  • 1837.  KY.  REGULAR.  University of Louisville, Louisville, KENTUCKY.  Org. 1837. REGULAR.
  • 1838.  NY.  REGULAR.  Albany, NEW YORK.  REGULAR.
  • 1838.  VA.  REGULAR.  Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VIRGINIA.  Org. 1838, 1st class 1840.  REGULAR.

 

The First Alternative Medical Schools

  • 1837.  PA.  HOMEOPATHY.  Unnamed.  Mid to Western Pennsylvania.  HOMEOPATHY.
  • 1839.  OH.  ECLECTIC.  American Medical College, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1839.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1839.  PA.  REGULAR.  Pennsylvania Medical College, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA. Org. 1839.  Extinct by time of Polk’s writings.  REGULAR.
  • 1839.  GA.  BOTANICAL.  Botanico-medical College, Forsyth-Macon, GEORGIA.  Org 1839, 1st class 1841.  BOTANICAL
  • 1839.  OH.  ECLECTIC.  American Medical College (Eclectic), Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1839.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1840.  MO.  REGULAR.  Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, MISSOURI.  Org. 1840, 1st class ca. 1845(?).  REGULAR.
  • 1840.  OH.  BOTANICAL.  Botanico-medical College of Cinncinati, OHIO.  Org. 1840.  In 1850 the name was changed to Physio[Physo]-medical College.   Six months later this school merged with Cincinnatti Medical College?  BOTANIC.
  • 1841.  MO.  REGULAR.  St. Louis Medical College, St. Louis, MISSOURI.  Org. 1841.  REGULAR.
  • 1843.  IL.  REGULAR.  Rush Medical College, Jacksonville, ILLINOIS.  Org. 1842, 1st class 1843. REGULAR.
  • 1843.  IL.  REGULAR.  Medical Department, Illinois College,     Jacksonville.   ILLINOIS   1843. REGULAR.
  • 1845.  OH.  ECLECTIC.  Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org 1845, 1st class 1845.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1845.  MA.  REGULAR. Worcester Medical College, Worcester, MASSACHUSETTS.  Org. 1845–1859.   ECLECTIC.
  • 1845.  MO.  REGULAR.  University State of Missouri Medical School, Columbia, MISSOURI.  Org. 1845, 1st class 1846.  REGULAR.
  • 1846?. KY.  ECLECTIC.  Eclectic Medical College, Louisville, KENTUCKY.  From ? — to ca. 1848.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1848.  KY.  ECLECTIC.  King Eclectic Medical College, Louisville, KENTUCKY.  Org. 1848, extinct by printing of Polk’s Dir.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1846.  TN.  REGULAR/BOTANIC?  Botanic-medical College, Memphis, TENNESSEE.  Org. 1846–1860.  Mixed history, between Regular and Botanic.    Michael Gabbert, author of a history of Reformed Medicne in the Southern United States, suggests political problems had commenced around 1850. Articles published in 1850 in the Physiomedical Recorder (editor Alva Curtis, Illinois) confirm this.  BOTANIC.
  • 1848.  PA.  HOMEOPATHIC.  Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA.  Org. 1848, 1st class 1849.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1848.  IN.  BOTANIC?  (Indiana Medical College).  1848.  One session in INDIANA.   Removed to Rock Island, IL.   BOTANIC?
  • 1848.  NY.  ECLECTIC.  Rochester Eclectic Medical College, Rochester, NEW YORK.  Org. 1848–1852.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1848.  PA.  HOMEOPATHIC.  Homeopathic Medical College of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA.  Org. 1848.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1849.  IL.  BOTANIC?.  (Medical College).  1849.  One Session.  Rock Island, ILLINOIS.  Removed to Davenport, IA.  BOTANIC?
  • 1849.  OH.  HOMEOPATHIC.  Homeopathic Hospital College, Cleveland, OHIO.  Org. 1849.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1850.  GA.  THOMSONIAN.  ‘Thompsonian’ College, Barbourville, GEORGIA.  Org. 1850,  Extinct.  THOMSONIAN.
  • 1850. NY.  ECLECTIC.   Syracuse Medical College, Syracuse, NEW YORK.  Org. 1850–1857.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1850.  KY.  REGULAR.  Transylvania University, Medical Department, Lexington, KENTUCKY.   Org. 1817, 1st class 1850/9.  REGULAR.
  • 1850.  IA.  BOTANIC?/REGULAR?  (Medical College).  1849.  One Session.  Davenport, IOWA.  Removed to Des Moines and then purchased or merged with Keokuk, IA;   BOTANIC?, merged with REGULAR  in Keokuk?
  • 1851.  IL.  HOMEOPATHIC.  Hahnemann Medical College, Altosp., Chicago, ILLINOIS.  Org. 1851, 1st class 1860.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1852.  NY.  ECLECTIC.  Metropolitan Medical College, NYC, NEW YORK.  Org. 1852–1862.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1856.  OH.  ECLECTIC.  Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery, Cincinatti, OHIO.  Org. 1856, 1st class 1857.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1859. MO.  HOMEOPATHIC.   Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri, St. Louis Missouri, St. Louis, MISSOURI.   Org. 1859.   HOMEOPATHIC.
  • (1859).  MO.  HOMEOPATHIC.  4 others in St. Louis, MISSOURI.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1859.  PA.  ECLECTIC.  American Eclectic Medicine College, Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA.  Org 1859–1880. ECLECTIC.
 
.
 Spheres of Influence based on Medical School Locations
  

Georgia

  • 1829.  Medical College of Georgia, Augusta.   Org. 1829.  REGULAR..
  • 1839.  Southern Botanico-medical College, Forsyth-Macon, GA.  Org 1839, 1st class 1841.  BOTANICAL
  • 1850.  Thompsonian College, Barbourville, GA.  Org. 1850,  Extinct.  THOMSONIAN.

***Illinois

  • 1843.  Rush Medical College, Jacksonville.  Org. 1842, 1st class 1843. REGULAR.
  • 1843.  Medical Department, Illinois College,     Jacksonville.      1843. REGULAR.
  • 1849.  (Medical College).  1849.  One Session.  Rock Island.  Removed to Davenport, IA.  BOTANIC?
  • 1851.  Hahnemann Medical College, Altosp., Chicago, Ill.  Org. 1851, 1st class 1860.  HOMEOPATHIC.

*Indiana

  • 1833.  University of Indiana, New Albany.  Org. 1833.  Extinct by time of R.L Polk’s writings.  REGULAR.
  • 1848.  (Indiana Medical College).  1848.  One session.   Removed to Rock Island, IL.   BOTANIC?

 **Iowa

  • 1850.   (Medical College).  1849.  One Session.  Davenport.  Removed to Des Moines and then purchased or merged with Keokuk, IA, 1850.  BOTANIC?, merged with REGULAR?

Kentucky

  • 1837.  University of Louisville, Louisville.  Org. 1837. REGULAR.
  • 1846?. Eclectic Medical College, Louisville.  From ? — to ca. 1848.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1848.  King Eclectic Medical College, Louisville, KY.  Org. 1848, extinct by printing of Polk’s Dir.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1850.  Transylvania Univeristy, Medical Department, Lexington.   Org. 1817, 1st class 1850/9. REGULAR.

Louisiana

  • 1834.  Tulane University, Medical Department, New Orleans.   Org. 1834.  REGULAR.

Maine

  • 1820.  Medical School of Maine, Bowdoin College, Brunswick.  Org. 1820, 1st class 1821.  REGULAR.

Maryland

  • 1807.  University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.  Org. 1807, 1st class 1810.  REGULAR.

Massachusetts

  • 1782.  Harvard University, Medical School, Boston.  Org. 1782, 1st class 1783.  REGULAR.
  • 1824.  Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield.  Org. 1824.  REGULAR.
  • 1845.  Worcester Medical College, Worcester, Mass.  Org. 1845–1859.   ECLECTIC.

Michigan

  • None.

Missouri

  • 1840.  Missouri Medical College, St. Louis.  Org. 1840, 1st class ca. 1845(?).  REGULAR.
  • 1841.  St. Louis Medical College, St. Louis.  Org. 1841.  REGULAR.
  • 1845.  Univ. State of Missouri Medical School, Columbia.  Org. 1845, 1st class 1846.  REGULAR.
  • 1859.  Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri, St. Louis Missouri.   Org. 1859.   HOMEOPATHIC
  • (1859).  4 others in St. Louis.  HOMEOPATHIC

 

New Hampshire

  • 1797.  Dartmouth College, Medical Department, Hanover.  Org. 1797, 1st class 1798.  REGULAR.

New Jersey

  • None???  Rutgers is not an early medical school.  Chartered 1766 as Queens College; it may have offered medical classes and training, but the professors were affiliated more completely in their profession with New York City schools.  Between 1785 and 1825, there were several affiliations tested with schools in NY and NJ, but none resulted in any medical school.  On Nov 6, 1826, Dr. Hosack’s gave an Inaugural Discourse which he Delivered at the Opening of the Rutgers Medical School in the City of New York, formerly representing the fiscal academic start of a medical program, but mostly in association with King’s College, NYC.  [See A history of the University of Pennsylvania, from its foundation to A. D. 1770 by Thomas Harrison Montgomery]

New York

  • 1767.  College of Physicians and Surgeons, of NYC.  First estab 1767, Org. 1807, 1st class ca. 1811.  REGULAR.
  • 1812.  College of Physicians and Surgeons of Western New York, Fairfield.  Org. 1812.  REGULAR.
  • 1814.  New Medical Institute (Queens College).  Org. 1814, –1830.  REGULAR.
  • 1834.  NY Reformed Medical College (Eclectic), NYC.  Org 1834, –1838.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1831.  NY School of Medicine, NYC.  Org. 1831.  REGULAR.
  • 1830,  Auburn.  REGULAR.
  • 1830.  Geneva.  REGULAR.
  • 1838.  Albany.  REGULAR.
  • 1834.  N.Y. Reformed Medical College, NYC.  Org. 1834–1838.  REFORMED/ECLECTIC.
  • 1848.  Rochester Eclectic Medical College.  Org. 1848–1852.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1850.  Syracuse Medical College, Syracuse.  Org. 1850–1857.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1852.  Metropolitan Medical College, NYC.  Org. 1852–1862.  ECLECTIC.

North Carolina

  • 1796.  University of North Carolina, Medical Department, Chapel Hill.  Org. 1796, 1st class???  REGULAR.

*Ohio

  • 1817.  (Medical College), Columbus.  Van Kleeck initiated.  Short-lived?   REGULAR/REFORMED?
  • 1821.  Medical College of Ohio, Cinncinati.  Org. 1819, 1st class 1821.  REGULAR.
  • 1832.  Worthington Medical College, Worthington, OH.  Org. 1832.  REFORMED/ECLECTIC
  • 1834.  Worthington Medical College, Cinn,.  Org. 1834. REGULAR?
  • 1834.  Cinncinatti Medical College, Cinn.  Org. 1834.  REGULAR.
  • 1839.  American Medical College, Cinn.  Org. 1839.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1845.  Eclectic Medical Institute, Cinn.  Org 1845, 1st class 1845.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1856.  Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery, Cinn.  Org. 1856, 1st class 1857.  ECLECTIC
  • 1835.  Willoughby University, Medical Department, Willoughby.  Org. 1835, 1st class ?
  • 1839. American Medical College (Eclectic), Cinn.  Org. 1839.  ECLECTIC.
  • 1840.  Botanico-medical College of Cinncinati, OH.  Org. 1840.  In 1850 the name was changed to Physio-medical college. BOTANIC.
  • 1849.  Homeopathic Hospital College, Cleveland, Ohio.  Org. 1849.  HOMEOPATHIC.

 Pennsylvania

  • 1765.  Department of Medicine, Univ. of Penn., Philadelphia.   Org. 1765, 1st class 1768.  REGULAR.
  • 1826.  Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.  Org. 1826, 1st class 1827.  REGULAR.
  • 1839.  Pennsylvania Medical College, Philadelphia. Org. 1839.  Extinct by time of Polk’s writings.  REGULAR.
  • 1848.  Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia.  Org. 1848, 1st class 1849.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1848.  Homeopathic Medical College of Philadelphia.  Org. 1848.  HOMEOPATHIC.
  • 1859.  American Eclectic Medicine College, Phil, Pa.  Org 1859–1880. ECLECTIC.

Rhode Island

  • 1811.  University, Medical Department, Providence.Org 1811–1827.  REGULAR.

South Carolina

  • 1824.  Medical College of South Carolina, Charleston.   Org. 1824–1839.  REGULAR.
  • 1833.  Medical College of the State of South Carolina, Charleston.   Org. 1833.  REGULAR.

*Tennessee

  • 1846.  Botanic-medical College, Memphis, Tenn.  Org. 1846–1860.  Mixed history, between Regular and Botanic.    Michael Gabbert, author of a history of Reformed Medicne in the Southern United States, suggests political problems had commenced around 1850. Articles published in 1850 in the Physiomedical Recorder (editor Alva Curtis, Illinois) confirm this.  BOTANIC.

Vermont

  • 1818.  Castleton Medical College, Castleton.  Org. 1818, by Oct. 29th, 1818 State Act.1823.  University of Vermont,  REGULAR.
  • 1823.  Medical Department, Burlington.  Org. 1822, 1st class 1823.  REGULAR.
  • 1827.  Vermont Medical College, Woodstock.  Org. 1827.  REGULAR.

Virginia

  • 1825.  Univ. Virginia Medical Department, Charlottseville.  Org. 1825, 1st class 1828.  REGULAR.
  • 1826.  Medical School Valley of Virginia, Winchester.  Org. 1826. REGULAR.
  • 1838.  Medical College of Virginia, Richmond.  Org. 1838, 1st class 1840.  REGULAR.

Washington, D.C.   

  • 1821.  National Medical College, Medical Department,   Columbia University.   Org. 1821, 1st class 1822.  REGULAR.