APPENDIX
TABLE: A COMPARISON OF 1892, 1956, AND 1978 NATUROPATHIC PROGRAMS IN OREGON.
X= according to the college booklet or catalog, the course was taught at that insitituion during the year indicated at the head of the column. The 1892 information pertains to Dr. Benjamin Lust’s school in New York at the turn of the century. )
Sources:
- 1892 information was taken from Dr. Benjamin Lust’s advertising leaflet at NCNM library dated 1905.
- 1956
- 1978 [SALEM]
- 1978/80 Naturopathy Medical School Book
.
PART I: INTRODUCTORY
COURSE 1892 1956 1978[SALEM] 1978/80
PHILOSOPHY COURSES
Intro. Healing Arts X X X1
Naturopathic Philosophy X1
Medical Jurisprudence X X X
Business and Office Procedures – X X
Semantics X – –
Medical Terminology X – –
OTHER
Directed Individual Study – X –
Senior Seminar – X –
.
PART II: BASIC SCIENCES
COURSE 1892 1956 1978[SALEM] 1978/80
BIOLOGY
*Conjoint: Anatomy/Physiology – X –
Anatomy (in totum) – – X2
Anatomy (in parts) X (all) – –
Osteology
Syndesmology
Myology
Angiology & Lymphatics
Anatomical Neurology
Splanchnology
Neurology
Dissection, Human
Neuroanatomy – – X
Physiology-I X – X
Physiology-II X – X
Adv. Physio/Correl. X – X
Embryology X – X
CHEMISTRY
Inorganic Chemistry3 X – –
Organic Chemistry3 X – –
Biochemistry-I X X X
Biochemistry-II X – X
Biochemistry-III – – X
.
PART III: MEDICAL SCIENCES
COURSE 1892 1956 1978[SALEM] 1978/80
Medical-Laboratory
*Conjoint: Basic Medical Sciences – X4
*Conjoint: Pathology and Diagnosis X –
Bacteriology/Microbiology5 X X X
Histology X – X
General Pathology X – X
Special Pathology/Path. II X – X
Clinical Pathology X – –
Toxicology X – –
.
PART IV: MEDICO-TECHNIC SKILLS
COURSE 1892 1956 1978[SALEM] 1978/80
GENERAL
First Aid X X6 X
X-ray Technique X – X
X-ray Interpretation X – X7
Adv. X-ray Interpretation X – –
Laboratory Diagnosis X – X
MATERIA MEDICA
Materia Medica – X2 X2
Homeopathic Materia Medica8 – – X2
Pharmacology-I – X X
Pharmacology-II – – X
Pharmacognosy – – X
.
PART V: BASIC CLINICAL SCIENCES
COURSE 1892 1956 1978[SALEM] 1978/80
Allopathic
Physical Diagnosis X – X
Clinical Diagnosis X – X
Clinical Biochemistry – – X9
Cardiovascular/Respiratory-I – – X
Cardiovascular/Respiratory-II – – X
Dermatology5 – – X5
Endocrinology X – X
Visceral Neurology X – –
Clinical Neurology X – –
Neurological Diseases – – X
Eyes, Ears, Nose, Throat – – X
Ophthalmology X – –
Otolaryngology X – –
Gastroenterology/Proctology – – X
Proctology X – –
Urology X – X
Psychiatry-I10 X – –
Psychiatry-II10 X – –
Immunology – X X
Oncology – – X
Gynecology-I X X X
Gynecology-II X – –
Obstetrics-I – X X
Obstetrics-II – – X
Pediatrics X X X
Geriatrics X X X
Surgery, Minor-I11 X – X
Surgery, Minor-II11 X – –
Surgery – X –
.
PART V: BASIC CLINICAL SCIENCES (continued)
COURSE 1892 1956 1978[SALEM] 1978/80
General Medical-Clinical
*Conjoint: Clinical – X –
*Conjoint: Physiotherapy – X –
*Conjoint: Basic Medical-I,II – – X
Public Health
Publ.H./Preventive Med. X X X12
Clinical Psychology
Developmental Psychology – X –
Psychological Counseling – X –
Counseling – – X
Human Sexuality – – X
Group Process/Psych. of Health – – X
Development/Personality – – X
Psychological Medicine – – X
Alternative Medicine
Body Mechanics X – –
Manipulative Technique-I X – X13
Manipulative Technique-II X – X13
Physiotherapy14 – – X
Physical Therapy15 – – X
.
PART VI: ALTERNATIVE CLINICAL SCIENCES
COURSE 1892 1956 1978[SALEM] 1978/80
NATURE-CURES
Naturopathy X — – –
Prin/Prac. Natur.-I X – –
Prin/Prac. Natur.-II X – –
WATER-CURES16
Hydropathy X – – –
Hydrotherapy – X – –
PHYSICAL THERAPY15
Massage X – – –
Spinal Manipulation X – – –
Osteopathy X – – –
Orthopedics (Minor Surgery) X – X
Physiotherapy – – – X
ELECTRIC CURES
Medical Physics17 – – X
ELECTRICAL-CHARGE
Electrotherapy X X – –
ELECTRICAL-LIGHT
Short Wave Radtn. X – – –
Colonic Therapy X – – –
.
PART VI: ALTERNATIVE CLINICAL SCIENCES (continued)
COURSE 1892 1956 1978[SALEM] 1978/80
DIETARY/NUTRITION
Diet/Nutrition X18 X X2
Trophology-I X
Trophology-II X
BOTANICAL CURES
(PSEUDO-ALLOPATH)
Botanical Medicine-I X
Botanical Medicine-II X
ORIENTAL MEDICINE
Acupuncture – X X2
.
PART VII: GENERAL CLINICAL DIDACTIC TRAINING
COURSE 1892 1956 1978[SALEM] 1978/80
Clinic (Naturae Medicina)-I X
Clinic (Naturae Medicina)-II X
Clinic (Naturae Medicina)-III X
Clinic (Naturae Medicina)-IV X
Obstetric Internship-I X
Obstetric Internship-II X
Obstetrical Externship X X19
Clinic Externship X X19
Preceptorship – – X20
End Notes
*: All “Conjoint” classes last up to a year and integrate teachings in the basic sciences with laboratory, diagnostic, medical technical, and clinical experiences.
1: Course titled: “Introduction to the Healing Arts and History of Medicine.” At NCNM, it was also combined with “Naturopathic Philosophy” to produce “Introduction to the Healing Arts and Naturopathic Philosophy.”
2: Parts I, II and III were offered by NCNM (1978-80).
3: No longer taught in the medical school, instead serving as a prerequisite for admission.
4: Parts I through VI were offered by NCNM (1978-80).
5: In 1956, the NCNM catalog states Bacteriology included Dermatology and Syphilology.
6: Course titled “Emergency Medicine”
7: At NCNM, “X-Ray Technique,” “X-Ray Interpretations” and “Advanced X-Ray Interpretation” (1956), are combined by the late 1970s to make “X-Ray Positioning and Technique” and “X-Ray Diagnosis” (1978-80 NCNM Catalog).
8: “Homeopathic Materia Medica” at NCNM (1978-80) may have been combined with the basic “Materia Medica” and “Botanical Medicine” classes prior to 1976, and within the Salem, Oregon, 1978-81 naturopathic school proposal.
9: At NCNM (1978-80), course no. 22021 is “General Biochemistry” (Biochemistry I-III, combined) and 22022 is “Clinical Biochemistry.”
10: Clinical Externship at NCNM (1978-80) was given in four parts [31901-4], with 3199X, and 41901-2. 1710 hours of externship, including one full time summer term of externship, and attendance to 15 supervised births, were required to complete the graduation requirements.
11: Minor Surgery (Course no. 41272, NCNM, 1978-80), is defined as: “A study of principles, tool and procedure of minor surgery in natuopathic practice. Much of the course is devoted to the practice of surgical techniques…and skills necessary to perform safe and effective minor surgery.” Surgery is also taught in the course on Orthopedics. Other techniques were redirected to Physiotherapy.
12: Course titled “Public Health: Community and Environmental Medicine.”
13: “Body Mechanics” and “Manipulative Technique” (3 courses) at NCNM (1956) were converted to “Bioemechanics and Techniques of Manipulation” followed by “Techniques of Manipulation I” and “…II” (NCNM, 1978-80).
14: Physiotherapy (31271, NCNM, 1978-80) is a course defined as “A lecture and laboratory course which explores the physiological effects and therapeutic use of heat, light, water, electricity, and sound, and the equipment involved in the production or utilization of these natural forces.”
15: “Physical Therapy” (Course no. 41272, NCNM, 1978-80), is defined as: “A consideration of physical techniques and exercises used in the management and rehabilitation of persons suffering from the loss of certain body functions or control as a result of injury or illness.”
16: Hydropathy is an older term for the period 1820-1850. “Hydrotherapy” became the term to use after the Civil War, increasing in popularity by the late 1890s.
17: At NCNM (1978-80), “Medical Physics” [21273] served to teach “direct and alternating current,” ultrasound, x-rays, and electric circuitry; meant to complement courses in electric healing therapies.
18: Course titled “Scientific Fasting & Dietetics”
19: For “Psychiatry” see various Clinical offerings listing in the “Clinical Psychology” section on next page.
20: Preceptorship (41953, NCNM, 1978-80): “In the senior year, students will also participate in a preceptorship program, in which they assist naturopathic physicians in their own offices and clinics, gaining valuable experience in many aspects of private practice.”
Brian Altonen, MPH, MS 