Brian Altonen, MPH, MS

Shaker Herbs

This page is being prepared and tested for use in the field.

Preface

The notes that follow are for the most part the herbs discussed in Amy Bess Miller’s Shaker Herbs.   They are arranged in groups based on overall appearances, not necessarily their taxonomy.  

The order in which they are presented is based on the groupings, staring with native to naturalized to domestic to foreign.   Each of these groups is then listed alphabetically based on the Genera (single=Genus) names.

An alphabetical listing of Genera regardless of taxonomic relationships appears at the end of this page.

PART 1.  By major botanical groups.

DESCRIPTION OF COLUMNS:

COMMON NAME–the common name for the plant used to refer to it in the book.  Some herbs have duplicate entries for the Latin name due to  manner in which this information was presented in the book. 

LATIN NAME–as it states, with most Latin names provided as they appeared in the text; a few Latin name identification had to be clarified.

COMMON NAMES–these are the other common names recorded by the Amy Bess Miller.  These names were presumably used by the Shakers she met with and interviewed for this work.  Some of the common names appear misapplied, and seem better suited for another plant.  These names were presumably noted to Miller by the individuals she reviewed or interviewed.  They could be in error, or used to refer to a very similar plant with a different background regarding uses.

PART 2.  Gender-Common Name Listing

 DESCRIPTION OF COLUMNS

Only Latin Name and Common Name are provided.  Only the major column with a common name is applied to this listing.  Alternative common names are not included in this list.  The columns are self explanatory.

Note: The most important reference for Common plant names ever published in A. B. Lyons Plant Names Scientific and Popular . . . . ca. 1907 (several editions), printed by Nelson, Baker & Co., Detroit.  This book is on Google Books. 

Over the years, this book has answered many questions about plant identities, including a number of  secondary historians who misidentified the plants in their recent writings. 

This book provides its reader most to all plant names ever documented prior to the year it was published.  These are provided in alphabetical order in the book, by Genus and species.  Althouh the Latin names are old, the taxonomic names and their citations for the source of the Latin name are invaluable for tracing the history of 19th century medicinal plants.  Very local or personal plants names are of course not expected to be included in this book, so some of the personal, slang or highly local names for these plants provided by Shakers are not expected to be found in this book. 

Lyons’ book remains the best reference out there, in spite of numerous attempts made by publishers in recent decades to produce a very useful botanical name dictionary. 

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Ferns, Liverworts, Moss, and Fungi

COMMON NAME	LATIN NAME	COMMON NAMES
FERN, MAIDENHAIR	Adiantum pedatum
SHIELD FERN	Aspidium spinulosum
SPLEENWORT, COMMON	Asplenium angustifolium
BACKACHE BRAKE	Athyrium filix-femina	Female Fern
CONSUMPTION BRAKE	Botrychium lunaria	Moonwort
FERN, MALE	Dryopteris filix-mas	Male shield fern
BUCKHORN BRAKE	Osmunda regalis	Male fern, royal fern, king’s fern
FERN, POLYPODY	Polypodium vulgare	Rock Polypod, rock brake, brake root, female fern
SPURRED RYE	Secale cereale	Smut rye, ergot (ergot on rye)
ERGOT	Secale cornatum	Spurred rye, smut rye
MOSS, HAIRCAP	Polytrichum juniperum	Robin’s eye, ground moss, bear’s bud
ICELAND MOSS	Cetraria islandica	Eryngo-leaved liverwort

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Adriaen VanderDonck, whom Yonkers was named after, wrote a natural history description about the land he was provided for settlement.  The purpose of this book was to promote the colonization of this part of the New World.  It contains a description of several dozen herbal medicines, and represents one of the first such listings of medicinal plants related to New York Hudson Valley history.  A number of VanderDonck’s plants are named for their European similars or look-alikes.  Others are provided very local names, a few of which are not found in Lyon’s reference noted above in the Preface.

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Native Trees

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COMMON NAME	LATIN NAME	COMMON NAMES
HEMLOCK	Abies canadensis	Hemlock spruce
MAPLE, STRIPED	Acer pennsylvanica	Canada maple, moosewood
MAPLE, RED	Acer rubrum	Soft maple, whistle wood
ALDER, RED or TAG	Alnus serrulata	Tag alder, smooth alder, brook alder
BIRCH, BLACK	Betula lenta	Cherry birch, sweet birch, mahogany birch, spice birch
BOXWOOD	Cornus florida	Dogwood, flowering dogwood, flowering cornel, budwood
BEECH	Fagus ferruginea
ASH, WHITE	Fraxinum americana
BUTTERNUT	Juglans cinerea	White walnut, oil nut, lemon walnut
WALNUT	Juglans cinerea	Hickory, shagbarks, white walnut, butternut bark, oil nut
TAMARACK	Larix americana	Hackmatack, American larch
SWEET GUM	Liquidambar styraciflua	Red gum, star-leaved gum
WHITEWOOD	Liriodendron tulipifera	Tulip tree, cucumber tree, tulip poplar
MULBERRY	Morus rubra	Red mulberry
HEMLOCK	Pinus rigida	Pitch pine
PINE, WHITE	Pinus strobus	Spanish pine
POPLAR	Populus tremuloides	White poplar, aspen, American poplar, trembling poplar
ALDER, BLACK	Prinos verticillatus	Striped alder, winterberry, fake alder
PTELEA	Ptelea trifoliata	Wingseed, wafer ash, shrubby trefoil
ASH, MOUNTAIN	Pyrus americana	Roundwood
OAK BARK, WHITE	Quercus alba
OAK BARK, RED	Quercus rubra
OAK BARK, BLACK	Quercus tinctoria
BUCKTHORN	Rhamnus cathartica	Purging berries, redroot, new jersey tea, arrow wood, alder dogwood, bird cherry
SASSAFRAS	Sassafras officinale
BASSWOOD	Tilia americana	Linden, Lime Tree, Spoonwood
TILIA FLOWERS	Tilia americana	Lime tree, linden
ELM, SLIPPERY	Ulmus fulva	Red elm, Indian elm, sweet elm, moose elm

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Cadwallader Colden produced New York’s first lengthy botanical.  This book was written in two parts between 1733 and 1737.  It was then forwarded to botanists from Sweden and England (Peter Collinson) for review; they ultimately forwarded it to Carl von Linne.  A few years later, a Swedish society of scientists overseeing the work of Linne and other scholars approved Colden’s work for publication.  It was then printed and distributed as a part of their annals for 1749 and 1751.  Cadwallader Colden’s daughter, Jane, is the first female botanist.  Her skills often appear to be more like those of a botanical artist or illustrator.  However, she was favored strongly by Linne, who referred to her as a botanist.  No evidence exists however demonstrating the skills of Latin required for her to receive this recognition officially.  Jane’s work surpassed that of her father in regard to her review of additional species not reviewed by Cadwallader.  She also documented some of the local ethnobotany, referring to the local culture as a unique breed of people whom she referred to as Hudsonians, or “Hudson’ns”.

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Native Shrubs

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COMMON NAME	LATIN NAME	COMMON NAMES
BARBERRY	Berberis vulgaris	Sowberry
SENNA, AMERICAN	Cassia marilandica	Locust plant
OSIER, GREEN	Cornus circinata	Broad-leaved dogwood, dogachamus, alder-leaved dogwood, round-leaved cornel
DOGWOOD	Cornus sericea	Boxwood, Green Ozier, Flowering Cornel, rose willow
WILLOW, ROSE	Cornus sericea	Red-rod, swamp dogwood
MEZEREON	Daphne mezereum	Spurge olive, American mezereon, leatherwood
LEATHERWOOD	Dirca palustris	Moosewood, American mezereon
GELSEMIUM	Gelsemium sempervirens	Yellow jasmine, wild woodbine, false jasmine
YELLOW JESSAMINE	Gelsemium sempervirens	Wild jessamine, woodbine
WITCHHAZEL	Hamamaelis virginiana	Winterbloom, snapping hazel, snapping hazel nut, spotted alder
JUNIPER	Juniperus communis	Juniper bush
CEDAR, RED	Juniperus virginiana
LAUREL, SHEEP	Kalmia angustifolia	Laurel, lambkill
LABRADOR TEA	Ledum latifolium
FEVERBUSH	Lindera benzoin	Wil allspice, spice bush, snap wood, fever wood, benjamin bush
SPICEBUSH	Lindera benzoin	Fever bush, feverwood
BAYBERRY	Myrica cerifera	Wax Myrtle, myrtle, wax berry, candle berry
SWEET GALE	Myrica gale	Meadowfern, bog myrtle, gale fern, sweet willow
SUMACH	Rhus glabra	Upland sumac, smooth sumac, Pennsylvania sumac
BLACKBERRY	Rubus villosus, Rubus occidentalis	Dewberry, bramble, gout berry, cloudberry
WILLOW, WHITE	Salix alba
WILLOW, PUSSY	Salix discolor
SAGE WILLOW	Salix tristis	Rainbow weed, purple willow herb, loose strife
ELDER	Sambucus canadensis	Sweet elder, American elder, panicle elder, sambucus
HARDHACK	Spiraea tomentosa	Meadowsweet, white leaf, steeple bush
STEEPLEBUSH	Spiraea tomentosa	Meadowsweet, hardhack
WHORTLEBERRY	Vaccinium myrtillus	Bilberry, blue berry, burren myrtle
CRAMP BARK	Viburnum opulus	High Cranberry, Squawbush
ASH, PRICKLY	Zanthoxylum americanum	Yellowwood, toothache bush, suter berry

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John Bartram is one of a number of botanists from the Philadelphia area that Colden and other New York botanists would inevitably come to know.  As a natural he was learned in botanical medicine and contributed to the first documented knowledge about American herbal medicine plants.  Other Philadelphia botanists of importance to local history include John’s son William (middle portrait in the above image) and their successor Benjamin Smith Barton (right).

Native Vines

COMMON NAME	LATIN NAME	COMMON NAMES
UVA-URSI	Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	Bearberry, upland cranberry, mountain cranberry, mountain box, arbutus uva ursi
BITTERSWEET, FALSE	Celastrus scandens	Staff Tree, staff vine,climbing orange root, waxwort
VIRGIN’S BOWER	Clematis virginiana	Traveller’s joy, clematis
COLOMBO, AMERICAN	Cocculus carolinus
MAN ROOT	Convolvulus panduratus	Wild jalap, man-in-the-ground, man-in-the-earth, wild potato, bindweed, wild scammony
PARILLA, YELLOW	Menispermum canadense	Canadian moonseed, vine maple
POISON IVY	Rhus toxicodendron	Poison vine

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Dr. Manessah Cutler produced the first American Indian ethnobotany essay for Massachusetts as his Thesis for Harvard.  This book would later develop a very strong following of religious leaders interested in and supportive of local herbal medicine use.   Other metaphysicians who became doctors in New York and the Hudson valley were usually well-read in the writings of Cutler.

Native Herbs – Dicots

COMMON NAME	LATIN NAME	COMMON NAMES
COHOSH, WHITE	Actaea alba	Baneberry
COHOSH, RED	Actaea rubra
AGRIMONY	Agrimonia eupatoria	Cocklebur, stickwort
BLAZING STAR	Aletris farinosa	Devil’s Bit, Unicorn, Stargrass, Colic Root, Ague Root
STAR ROOT	Aletris farinosa	Star grass, ague root, colic root
PILEWORT	Amaranthus hypochondriacus	Prince’s feather, lovely bleeding, red cockscomb
BITTERROOT	Apocynum androsaemifolium	Honeybloom, milk ipecac, dogbane, dogsbone, wandering milkweed, flytrap
INDIAN HEMP	Apocynum cannabinum	Canadian hemp, indian physic, indian hemp
ELDER, DWARF	Aralia hispida	Wild Elder, bristlestem sarsaparilla
SARSAPARILLA, AMERICAN WILD	Aralia nudicaulis	Wild Licorice, small spikenard, dwarf elder, bristly stem
SPIKENARD	Aralia racemosa	Life-of-man, petty morrel, spignet
SNAKEROOT, VIRGINIA	Aristolochia serpentaria	Snakeroot, Snake weed, Snagrel
ARNICA	Arnica montana	Mountain Tobacco, Leopardsbane
MUGWORT	Artemisia vulgaris
GINGER	Asarum canadense	Wild ginger, canada snakeroot
SNAKEROOT, CANADA	Asarum canadense	Indian ginger, Vermont snake root, heart snakeroot
INDIAN HEMP, WHITE	Asclepias incarnata	Swamp milkweed, rose-colored silk weed, water nerve root
MILKWEED	Asclepias syriaca	Silkweed
PLEURISY ROOT	Asclepias tuberosa	Butterfly weed, wind root, tuber root
STARFLOWER	Aster novae-angliae	Starwort, New England Aster
COCASH	Aster puniceus	Squawweed, life root, cocash weed, red-stalked aster, cold water root, september weed
INDIGO, WILD	Baptisia tinctoria	Horsefly weed, rattlebush, indigo weed, indigo broom, yellow broom
BETONY, WOOD	Betonica officinalis
HARVEST LICE	Bidens connata	Cockhold herb, beggar’s tick, swamp beggar’s tick
CUCKOLD	Bidens frondosa	Swamp Beggar’s Tick, Leafy Bur Marigold, Spanish Needles, Cow Lice, leafy burr marigold
COHOSH, BLUE	Caulophyllum thalictrioides	Squaw Root, Pappoose Root, Blue Berry
PAPOOSE ROOT	Caulophyllum thalictrioides	Blue Cohosh, blueberry root, squaw root
RED ROOT	Ceanothus americanus	New jersey tea, jersey tea, wild snowball
UNICORN ROOT, FALSE	Chamaelirium luteum	Drooping starwort, starwort, star root, helonias
BALMONY	Chelone glabra	Snakehead, Turtlebloom, turtlehead, Salt Rheum weed, fishmouth, shell flower, bitter herb
SNAKEHEAD	Chelone glabra	Balmony, bitter herb, shell flower, white turtlehead, turtlebloom
PIPSISSEWA	Chimaphila umbellata	Prince’s pine, noble pine, ground holly, rheumatic weed, false wintergreen
COHOSH, YELLOW	Cimicifuga americana (see Black Cohosh) aka Actaea racemosa	Flavus pulvus.  See http://www.pollinator.org/Resources/Cimicifuga%20racemosa%20fact%20sheet.pdf
COHOSH, BLACK	Cimicifuga racemosa	Rattle Root, Black Snakeroot, Bugbane, rattle weed, Squawroot, baneberry
SNAKEROOT, BLACK	Cimicifuga racemosa	Black cohosh, snakeroot
THISTLE  ROOT	Cirsium arvense	Canada root, Canada thistle, cursed thistle
RICHWEED	Collinsonia canadensis	Stoneroot, hardrock, horseweed, wild citronella, oxbalm
STONE ROOT	Collinsonia canadensis	Horseweed, rish weed, ox balm, wound wort
FERN, SWEET	Comptonia peregrina	Spleenwort bush, fern gale, sweet fern, sweet bush
CICUTA	Conium maculatum	Spotted Cowbane, spotted hemlock, Beaver poison, Musquash Root, Poison Hemlock, Water Hemlock, Poison parsley, poison root
GOLDTHREAD	Coptis trifolia	Mouth root, canker root, yellow root
CRAWLEY	Corallorhiza odontorhiza	Dragon’s Claw, Coral Root, Fever Root, chicken toe
DITTANY	Cunila mariana	Stone Mint, Mountain Dittany, American Dittany, Wild Basil
MOUNTAIN DITTANY	Cunila origanoides	Wild basil, stone mint, American dittany
THORN-APPLE	Datura stramonium	Apple of Peru, Jamestown weed, jimsonweed, stink weed, stramonium
LARKSPUR	Delphinium consolida	Stave’s acre
TURKEY CORN	Dicentra canadensis	Corydalis, turkey pea, stagger weed, squirrel corn
BEECHDROPS	Epifagus virginiana
GRAVEL PLANT	Epigaea repens	Trailing arbutus, winter pink, gravel weed, mountain pink, mayflower, ground laurel
WICKUP	Epilobium angustifolium	Mare’s tail, rose bay, willow-herb
FIREWEED	Erechtites hieracifolia	Pilewort
FLEABANE	Erigeron canadense	Colt’s tail, pride weed, scabious, horse weed, butter weed
WHITE ROOT	Erigeron philadelphicus	White weed, ox-eye daisy, white daisy
BONESET	Eupatorium perfoliatum	Thoroughwort, feverwort, throughstem, vegetable antimony, crosswort, sweating plant, Indian sage, ague weed, eupatorium
QUEEN OF THE MEADOW	Eupatorium purpureum	Joepye, trumpet weed, gravel root, purple bonseset
STONE BRAKE	Eupatorium purpureum	Queen of the meadow, gravel root
EUPHORBIA	Euphorbia ipecacuanha	Spreading spurge, dysentery-weed, milk purslance, American ipecac
IPECAC, AMERICAN	Euphorbia ipecacuanha	Indian physic, bitter root, ipecac milk, fever root, emetic root, blooming spurge
STRAWBERRY	Frageria virginiana
FUMITORY	Fumaria officinalis	Hedge fumitory, earth smoke, fumatory
BOXBERRY	Gaultheria procumbens	Wintergreen
CHECKERBERRY	Gaultheria procumbens	Wintergreen, Tea Berry, Box Berry
WINTERGREEN	Gaultheria procumbens	Tea berry plant, checkerberry, pipsissewa, spicy wintergreen, boxberry
GENTIAN, BLUE-FRINGED	Gentiana crinita
CRANESBILL	Geranium maculatum	Spotted Geranium, Alum Root, Storksbill, American Tormentilla
AVENS, WATER	Geum rivale	Chocolate root, throat root, cure-all, evan’s root
INDIAN PHYSIC	Gillenia trifoliata	Bowman’s root, dropwort
LIQUORICE	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Licorice
BALSAM, SWEET	Gnaphalium polycephalum	white balsam, Indian Posy, Old Field Balsam
LIFE, EVERLASTING	Gnaphalium polycephalum	White balsam, indian posey, field balsma, sweet balsam
MOUSE EAR	Gnaphalium uliginosum	Dysentery weed, cud weed, everlasting
PLANTAIN, DOWNY RATTLESNAKE	Goodyera pubescens	Adder’s violet, rattlesnake leaf, spotted plantain, rattlesnake root
PENNYROYAL	Hedeoma pulegioides	Tickweed, squaw mint
FROSTWORT	Helianthemum canadense	Rock rose, frost plant, scrofula weed
SUNFLOWER, GARDEN	Helianthus annuus
SUNFLOWER, WILD	Helianthus divaricatus
LIVERWORT	Hepatica americana	Noble liverleaf, kidney liver leaf, liver leaf
COW PARSNIP	Heracleum lanatum
ALUM ROOT	Heuchera pubescens	Cranesbill, splitrock
GOLDENSEAL	Hydrastis canadensis	Yellow puccoon, Ohio cucurma, ground raspberry, eye balm, orange root, turmeric root
CELANDINE, WILD	Impatiens pallida	Jewelweed, Touch-me-not, Balsamweed
COWPARSNIP, ROYAL	Imperatoria ostruthium	Masterwort, golden alexanders
MASTERWORT	Imperatoria ostruthium	Cow parsnip, royal cow parsnip
ELECAMPANE	Inula helenium	Scabwort
TWINLEAF	Jeffersonia diphyllum	Ground squirrel pea, rheumatism root, helmet pod.
LETTUCE, WILD	Lactuca virosa	Poison lettuce, acrid lettuce
CULVER’S ROOT	Leptandra virginiana	Blackroot, Culver’s Physic, Tall Speedwell, Tall Veronica
SNAKEROOT, BUTTON	Liatris spicata	Gayfeather, devil’s bit, blazing star
CARDINAL, RED	Lobelia cardinalis	Red Lobelia, Hog Physic, Cardinal Flower, Indian Pink
LOBELIA	Lobelia inflata	Wild tobacco, indian tobacco, emetic root, puke weed, eye-bright, asthma weed
CARDINAL, BLUE	Lobelia syphilitica	Blue lobelia
BUGLE, SWEET	Lycopus americanus	Water bugle, water horehound, green archangel, Paul Betony
WATER HOARHOUND	Lycopus europaeus	Water bugle, gipsy wort
BUCKBEAN	Menyanthes trifoliata	Bogbean, Trefoil, Marsh Trefoil, water shamrock, bitterworm, bog myrtle
SQUAW VINE	Mitchella repens	Partridge berry, winter clover, deer berry, one berry, checkerberry
COOLWORT	Mitella cordifolia	Mitrewort, Bishop’s Cap
COOLWORT	Mitella cordifolia	Mitrewort, bishop’s cap
OSWEGO TEA	Monarda didyma	Mountain balm, highy balm, bee balm, bergamot, monarda
MONARDA	Monarda punctata	Horsemint
FITROOT	Monotropa uniflora	Pipe plant, bird’s nest, ice plant, indian pipe, fit plant, dutchman’s pipe, ghostflower, ova ova
IVY, GROUND	Nepeta glechoma	Gill run, Cats paw, alehof, gill-over-the-ground, field balm, turnhoof, ground joy
LILY, YELLOW WATER	Nuphar advena	Spatterdock, frog lily, beaver root
LILY, WHITE WATER	Nymphaea odorata	Toad lily, pond lily, sweet-scented water lily
JOB’S TEARS	Onosmodium virginianum	Gromell, false gromwell
CANCER ROOT	Orobanche virginiana	Beech Drops, Broom Rape
SORREL, LADY’S	Oxalis acetosella	Wood sorrel, common sorrel
GINSENG	Panax quinquefolium	Ninsin, Chinese seng, five fingers, garantogen
ROCKBRAKE	Pellea atropurpurea	Winter fern, cliff brake, Indian dream
GARGET	Phytolacca decandra	Pidgeon berry, poke, poke root, skoke, scoke root, coakum
POKE	Phytolacca decandra	Garget, pigeon berry, scoke, coakum, inkberry, scokeroot
MANDRAKE	Podophyllum peltatum	Mayapple, wild lemon, raccoon berry, wild mandrake
ABCESS	Polemonium reptans	Greek Valerian, blue bells, jacob’s ladder
VALERIAN, GREEK	Polemonium reptans
SNAKEROOT, SENECA	Polygala senega	Mountain flax, Seneca snakeroot, senega snakeroot
WATER PEPPER	Polygonum hydropiper	Smartweed, Arsmart, heartweed
HEART’S EASE	Polygonum persicaria	Ladie’s thumb, spotted knotweed
FIVE-FINGER GRASS	Potentilla canadensis	Cinquefoil
CANKER ROOT	Prenanthes alba	Rattlesnake Root
CANKER WEED	Prenanthes serpentaria
HEAL-ALL	Prunella vulgaris	Self-Heal, figwort, stone root
SELF-HEAL	Prunella vulgaris	Blue curls, woundwort, all-heal, brownwort, heal-all
LUNGWORT	Pulmonaria virginica	Virginia cowslip, maple lungwort
MOUNTAIN MINT	Pycnanthemum montanum	Basil, wild marjoram
BUTTERCUP	Ranunculus acris	Crowfoot
THIMBLE WEED	Rudbeckia laciniata	Cone-disk, coneflower
WATER, DOCK	Rumex aquaticus	Great Water Dock, Sour Dock, Narrow Dock
DOCK, BROADLEAF	Rumex obtusifolius
CENTAURY, AMERICAN	Sabatia angularis	Red Centaury, Eyebright
BLOODROOT	Sanguinaria canadensis	Red Puccoon, Indian Paint, Tetterwort
SANICLE, BLACK	Sanicula marilandica	Pool root, American sanicle, self-heal
PITCHER PLANT	Sarracenia purpurea	Huntsman’s cup, eve’s cup, fly trap
WATERCUP	Sarracenia purpurea	Side-saddle flower, pitcher plant, flytrap, huntsman’s cup, small pox plant
CARPENTER’S SQUARE	Scrophularia marilandica	Heal-all, square stalk, figwort
SCROFULA	Scrophularia marilandica	Heal-all, square stalk, Carpenter’s square, figwort
SCULLCAP	Scutellaria lateriflora	Maddog, hoodwort, blue scullcap, virginia scullcap
LIFE ROOT	Senecio aureus	Ragwort, golden senecio, uncum, squaw weed, female regulator, cocash weed, false valerian
SQUAW-WEED	Senecio aureus	Life root, golden ragwort, female regulator, blue cohosh, cocash weed
ROSIN-WEED	Silphium laciniatum	Compass plant, polar plant
INDIAN CUP	Silphium perfoliatum	Indian cupweed
GOLDENROD	Solidago odora	Sweet-scented goldenrod, blue mountain tea
PINK ROOT	Spigelia marylandica	Canadian maryland pink, wormgrass, starbloom
MARSH ROSEMARY	Statice caroliniana	Sea lavender, ink root, meadow root, American thrift, sea thrift
THYME	Thymus serpyllum	American wild thyme, Mother of thyme, creeping thyme
CLOVER, YELLOW	Trifolium filiforme
FEVERROOT	Triosteum perfoliatum	Wild ipecac, horse gentian, tinker’s weed, wild coffee
NETTLE	Urtica dioica	Stinging nettle
MULLEIN	Verbascum thapsus
IRONWEED	Vernonia fasciculata
BROOKLIME	Veronica beccabunga	Water Pimpernel, water purslane, beccabunga
NANNY BUSH	Viburnum lentago	Sheep berry, sweet viburnum, nanny berry
VIOLET	Viola pedata	Bird’s foot violet
VIOLET, CANKER	Viola rostrata

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Early Botanists John Bard, New York, and his son Samuel, and Linnaeus-trained Adam Kuhn of Germantown, PA.  John Bard wrote an early essay on indigenous remedies.  Samuel Bard taught in New York and upon retirement moved the Hyde Park (now the Bard College campus) where he established a garden devoted to this subject.

Native Herbs – Monocots

COMMON NAME	LATIN NAME	COMMON NAMES
	ARUM SUBCLASS
DRAGON ROOT	Arum triphyllum	Jack-in-the-Pulpit, wild turnip, Indian turnip, wake robin
INDIAN TURNIP	Arum triphyllum	Wake robin, wild turnip, dragon root
WILD TURNIP	Arum triphyllum	Wake robin, jack-in-the-pulpit, dragon root
SKUNK CABBAGE	Symplocarpus foetidus	Meadow cabbage, skunk weed, polecat week
	COMMELINA (GRASS) SUBCLASS
DOG GRASS	Agropyron repens	Witch Grass, Quick Grass, Couch Grass, Scratch Grass, Triticum, Durfa Grass
KNOT GRASS	Triticum repens	Dog grass, couch grass, quickens, witch grass
	LILY SUBCLASS
FLOWER DE LUCE	Iris sambucina	Fleur-de-lis, blue flag, water flag
BLUE FLAG	Iris versicolor	Poison flag, flag lily, water flag, fleur-de-lis, liver lily, snake lily
SOLOMON’S SEAL, SMALL	Smilacina racemosa	Seal root, dropberry, false spikenard
BETHROOT	Trillium pendulum	Birthroot, indian balm, ground lily, wake robin, true love, coughroot, pariswort
TRILLIUM, PURPLE	Trillium purpureum	Beth flower, bethrooffersonia diphylla
BELLWORT	Uvularia perfoliata	Mohawkweed
HELLEBORE, WHITE	Veratrum viride	Swamp hellebore, American hellbore, false hellebore, itchweed, indian poke
	ORCHIDS
LADY’S SLIPPER	Cypripedium flavum
VALERIAN, AMERICAN	Cypripedium pubescens	Nerve root, yellow moccasin flower, yellow ladies’ slipper
LADY’S SLIPPER, YELLOW	Cypripedium pubescens

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David Hosack was a British trained scientist who commenced his work as a professor at the Columbia College in New York City.  His work in New York included managing the medicine garden.  Upon retirement he bought the Bard’s property in Hyde Park and maintained the garden.  American herbalism had yet to become very popular when he commenced his teaching career, but in just a few years, American botany was one of the most important fields of study.  It was up to botanists like Hosack to continue documenting the local knowledge of herbal medicine.  It is now about 75 years since Cadwallader Colden first wrote his flora of the region, published around 1750 by Linne.  Many of Hosack’s writings suggest lack of familiarity with the non-nativity history of some of the plants he reviewed.  In part this may have been due to the reduced interest physicians were expressing for herbs, in exchange for spending more time on the much stronger mineral remedies and certain poisons removed from traditional plant medicines.  By the turn of the 19th century, this focus on chemistry led to the extraction of the first alkaloid, “morphium” (later called morphine), from Papaver somniferum by German Chemist Friedrich Sertürner in 1804.

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Introduced

COMMON NAME	LATIN NAME	COMMON NAMES
YARROW	Achillea millefolium	Millefoil, noble yarrow, lady’s mantle
CHAMOMILE, LOW	Anthemis arvensis	Garden Chamomile, Corn Chamomile
MAYWEED	Anthemis cotula	Wild chamomile, dog fennel
CHAMOMILE	Anthemis nobilis	Roman Chamomile, Mayweed
BURDOCK	Arctium lappa	Clotbur, bardana
HORSERADISH	Armoracia lapathifolia
WORMSEED	Artemisia ambrosioides	Oak Jerusalem seed, goosefoot
BELLADONNA	Atropa belladonna	Deadly Nightshade, dwale
MUSTARD, WHITE	Brassica alba
MUSTARD, BLACK	Brassica nigra
SHEPHERD’S PURSE	Capsella bursa-pastoris	Shepherd’s heart
CHESTNUT	Cerastium vulgare
CELANDINE, GARDEN	Chelidonium majus	Tetterwort, Turmeric, Great Celandine
OAK OF JERUSALEM	Chenopodium anthelminthicum	Worm seed, Jesuit tea, Jerusalem tea, Jerusalem oak
OAK OF JERUSALEM	Chenopodium botyris	Worm seed, Jesuit tea, Jerusalem tea, Jerusalem oak
FEVERFEW	Chrysanthemum parthenium	Featherfew
CHICORY	Cichorium intybus	Succory, wild succory, endive, centaury
CARDUIS, SPOTTED	Cnicus benedictus	Blessed Thistle, Holy Thistle, Milk Thistle
CARROT, WILD	Daucus carota	Bee’s nest seed, Queen Anne’s Lace
CLEAVERS	Galium aparine	Goose grass, clivers, catchweed, bedstraw, rough cleavers
JOHNSWORT	Hypericum perfoliatum	Saint Johnswort
LETTUCE, GARDEN	Lactuca sativa
MOTHERWORT	Leonurus cardiaca	Roman motherwort, lion’s tail, throwwort
DAISY, WHITE	Leucanthemum vulgare	White Weed, Ox-Eye Daisy
FLAX	Linum usitatissimum	Linseed, lint bells, toad flax, flax
BUGLE, BITTER	Lycopus europaeus	Bugleweed, gipseywort
MALLOW, LOW	Malva rotundifolia	Cheeses, cheese plant, maller
HOREHOUND	Marrubium vulgare
CLOVER, WHITE	Melilotus alba	Sweet white clover, sweet melilot
KING’S CLOVER	Melilotus officinalis	Melilote, sweet clover
SWEET CLOVER	Melilotus officinalis	King’s clover, melilot, yellow sweet clover
BALM, LEMON	Melissa officinalis	Bee balm, blue balm, cure-all, dropsy plant
HORSEMINT	Monarda punctata
CATMINT	Nepeta cataria	catnip
SCABBISH	Oenothera biennis	Tree primrose, wild evening primrose
PLANTAIN	Plantago major	Common plantain, greater plantain, bitter plantain
SOLOMON’S SEAL, GIANT	Polygonum multiflorum
SORREL, SHEEP	Rumex acetosella	Red top sorrel, field sorrel
DOCK ROOT, YELLOW	Rumex crispus	Sour Dock, Narrow Dock, Curled Dock
SOAPWORT	Saponaria officinalis	Bouncing bet, old maid’s pink, London pride
BITTERSWEET	Solanum dulcamara	Garden nightshade, woody nightshade, violet bloom, fever twig, scarlet berry
NIGHTSHADE, BLACK	Solanum nigrum	Black cherry, garden nightshade
CHICKWEED	Stellaria media	Mouse Ear
DANDELION	Taraxacum officinale	Blow Ball, Cankerwort
CLOVER, RED	Trifolium pratense	Sweet clover, king’s clover, clover blows
COLTSFOOT	Tussilago farfara	Bullsfoot, ginger root, Coughwort
VERVAIN	Verbena hastata	Wild hyssop, simpler’s joy, erect vervain, blue vervain
SPEEDWELL, COMMON	Veronica officinalis	Paul betony
BROOM	Cytisus scoparius	Link, genista, banal
RASPBERRY	Rubus strigosus	Red raspberry
ASPEN, QUAKING	Populus tremuloides	European poplar
CHERRY, WILD	Prunus serotina	Black Cherry, Choke cherry
HOPS	Humulus lupulus

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Samuel Thomson probably developed his interest in American herbal medicine as a child prior to 1806 or 1807.  Since the late 1790s, the notion of poisons or toxins was one of the points of focus physicians were taking when trying to assess their medical value and the various causes for their clinical activities.  The alkaloids were discovered during this time,  Papaver latex was further concentrated resulting in production of some of the first fairly pure opium products.  Salts and mineral were being assigned medicinal values.  Certain substances like arsenic, lead and mercury salts were assumed to be stronger medicines due to their stronger, more potent, toxic effects upon the human body.  Many lay people were against the increasing popularity of these mineral remedies, and so, like Samuel Thomson, began  searching for the simpler alternatives to the mineral remedies like opium and mercurials, and a much safer way to be treated for illness without the use of the lancet.  William Currie, a regular physician from England, did much to promote the bath as one possible means for achieving a cure .  The American herbal medicine movement led to recommendations that American products be used as substitutes for imported medicines–in Thomson’s case, Lobelia was used instead of the imported Ipecac since it was found to ne an effective emetic on his friends (knowledge learned by performing a practical joke).   Thomson’s protocols were fairly simple, and his book, although written primitively, had a ring to its content and structure that resulted in the rapid rise in popularity of Thomsonianism after 1820/1825.   Between 1815 and 1820/1822, Thomsonianism was mostly a practice preached by way of pamphlets and small books.  Once it became regionally popular in the valley and western NewYork, entire books replaced Thomson’s original works, some authored specifically by the local physician (see Elias Smith, for example, western NY), with ca. 1825-1832 publications on Thomsonianism).  In the case of the Hudson valley, Thomas Lapham of Poughkeepsie was the primary promoter of Thomsonianism, first promoting these medicines out of his home and in his shop.  He later became the primary publisher of Thomsonianism books and trade magazines from about 1844 to 1850.  Shaker herbal medicine manufactories were the primary producers of these medicines.

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Domestic (some escaped into the wild)

COMMON NAME	LATIN NAME	COMMON NAMES
ACONITE	Aconitum napellus	Monkshood, wolfbane
SWEET FLAG	Acorus calamus	Calamus, sweet rush
GARLIC	Allium sativum
MALLOW, MARSH	Althaea officinalis
HOLLYHOCK	Althaea rosea
PEACH	Amygdalis persica
DILL	Anethum graveolens	Dilly, Dillseed
ANGELICA	Angelica atropurpurea	Purple angelia, masterwort, high angelica, archangel
SOUTHERNWOOD	Artemisia abrotanum	Old man’s tree, boy’s love
WORMWOOD, COMMON	Artemisia absinthium
ROMAN WORMWOOD	Artemisia pontica	Ragweed, hogweed
ASPARAGUS ROOT	Asparagus officinalis
BORAGE	Borago officinalis	Burrage, bugloss
MARIGOLD	Calendula officinalis	Pot marigold, marygold
CAYENNE	Capsicum annuum	Bird Pepper Chilies
BIRD PEPPER	Capsicum frutescens	Cayenne Pepper, chillies
CARAWAY	Carum carui
ORANGE	Citrus aurantium
SCURVY GRASS	Cochlearia officinalis
COLCHICUM	Colchicum autumnale
MEADOW SAFFRON	Colchicum autumnale	Colchicum
CORIANDER	Coriandrum sativum
SAFFRON	Crocus sativus
PUMPKIN	Cucurbita pepo
WATERMELON	Cucurbita vulgaris
TURMERIC	Cucurma longa
FOXGLOVE	Digitalis purpurea
BALM, MOLDAVIAN	Dracocephalum moldavica	Sweet balm, tea balm, Dragonhead
BITTER HERB	Erythraea centaurium	Lesser centaury, European centaury
WA-A-HOO	Euonymus atropurpureus	Euonymus, Indian arrowwood, burning bush, spindle tree
FENNEL	Foeniculum vulgare	Wild fennel, sweet fennel, large fennel
COTTON ROOT	Gossypium herbaceum
HELLEBORE, BLACK	Helleborus niger	Christmas rose
HYDRANGEA	HydrangEa arborescens	Seven barks, wild hydrangea
HENBANE, BLACK	Hyoscyamus niger
HYSSOP	Hyssopus officinalis
SAVIN	Juniperus sabina
RHATANY	Krameria triandria
LAVENDAR, ENGLISH	Lavandula vera
LOVAGE	Levisticum officinale	Smellage, lavose
PRIVET	Ligustrum vulgare	Privy, prim
TOMATO	Lycopersicum esculetum
PEPPERMINT	Mentha piperita
SPEARMINT	Mentha viridis
DAFFODIL	Narcissus pseudo-narcissus	Daffy Downdillies
BASIL, SWEET	Ocimum basilicum
MARJORAM, SWEET	Origanum marjorana
CICELY, SWEET	Osmorhiza longistylus	Anise Root, Sweet Anise, Sweet Jarvil
PEONY	Paeonia officinalis
POPPY	Papaver somniferum	Opium poppy, white poppy
PARSLEY	Petroselenium sativum	Rock parsley
ANISE	Pimpinella anisum
JACOB’S LADDER	Polemonium coeruleum
SILVER WEED	Potentialla anserina	Silver cinquefoil, cramp weed, goose tansy, moor grass
POMEGRANATE	Punica granatum
APPLETREE	Pyrus malus
RHUBARB	Rheum palmatum
CASTOR OIL PLANT	Ricinus communis	Castor Bean
ROSE, WHITE	Rosa alba
ROSE	Rosa centifolia	Hundred-leaved rose, cabbage rose
ROSE, DAMASK	Rosa damascena	Pale rose
ROSE, RED	Rosa gallica officinalis
ROSEMARY	Rosmarinus officinalis
RUE	Ruta graveolens
SAGE	Salvia officinalis
CLARY	Salvia sclarea	Clammy sage, clarry
BURNET, GREAT	Sanguisorba officinalis	Garden or Common Burnet
SAVORY, SUMMER	Satureia hortensis	Bean herb, Bohnenkraut
SAVORY, WINTER	Satureia montana
SCABIOUS	Scabiosa succisa	Sweet scabious, devil’s bit, primrose scabious
STILLINGIA	Stillingia sylvatica	Queen’s root, queen’s delight, silver leaf
COMFREY	Symphytum officinale	Gum plant, healing herb, slippery root
TANSY	Tanacetum vulgare	Double tansy, sweet tansy
THYME, ENGLISH	Thymus vulgaris	Common or garden thyme
SQUILL	Urginea scilla	Scilla, sea onion
VALERIAN, ENGLISH	Valeriana officinalis	Great wild valerian, vandal root

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Wooster Beach graduated from a New York City medical school in 1824.  In 1825, he was promoting his concept of “Reformed Medicine,” claiming that regular medicine was in need of significant change.  He opened a school in New York City, but was soon after run out of the city by a mob.  He migrated westward toward Ohio, where he was finally accepted by a medical school in Columbus, Ohio around 1834.    Between 1820 and 1834, he like others promoted Thomsonianism, and attended their regional and national Friends’ meetings.  But Beach’s Reformed Medicine was also into certain allopathic principles as well, and so soon came to be called “Eclectic Medicine” according to the recollections of a fellow student, historian and practitioner of this field), due to comments about “the eclectic nature” of how its practitioners selected their remedies.  This field allowed for most kinds of treatment then popular with the exception of blood-letting and the use of mineral remedies (although some exceptions exist), and due to some ongoing politics then developing, the practice of homeopathy.  This form of non-allopathic medicine had a very strong following between upstate New York and Ohio.  Its assocaition with the Shaker’s herbal medicine market however is uncertain during the early years (pre-1835).  Between 1837 and 1842, Dr. John King of the Eclectic accidentally produced a highly concentrated extract of a plant that he was boiling.  Finding it to still be effective, he promoted the use of these “concentrated extract” and tried to patent his formulas.  This method of manufacturing herbal medicines was subsequently taken up by a number of companies, at least one of which was a regular medicine company.   From about 1845 to 1850/1853, the Eclectics were most strongly assocaited with this drug production technique.  By the mid-1850s, the Shakers ultimately had their own producers engaged in this, which ultimately led to the formation of companies that specializing in these products using their herbs.

FOREIGN IMPORTS (most not grown)

COMMON NAME	LATIN NAME	COMMON NAMES
GALANGAL	Alpinia galangal	East India catarrh root, catarrh root, kassamak root
BUCHU	Barosma betulina	Bookoo, bucku, diosma belutina
CANELLA	Canella alba	Wild Cinnamon, White Wood
PEREIRA BRAVA	Chondrodendron tomentosum	Velvet leaf, ice vine, cissampelos
CINCHONA	Cinchona succirubra	Peruvian bark, foso bark, red bark, crown bark
CINNAMON	Cinnamomum zeylanicum
COLOMBO	Cocculus palmatus	Indian Lettuce, Yellow Gentian, pyramid flower, meadowpride, yellow gentian
BALM OF GILEAD	Commiphora opobalsamum
COLOCYNTH	Cucumis colocynthis	Bitter Cucumber, Bitter Apple
CHOLIC ROOT	Dioscorea villosa	Colic Root, Rheumatism Root
WILD YAM	Dioscorea villosa	Colic root
TONQUA	Dipteryx odorata	Tonka bean, ground squirrel pea, rheumatism root, helmet pod
CARDAMOM	Elattaria cardamomum
CLOVES	Eugenia caryophyllata
ANGOSTURA	Galipea officinalis
LOGWOOD	Haematoxylon campechianum	Peachwood, bloodwood
IGNATIA BEAN	Ignatius amara	Saint Ignatius’s bean
JALAP	Ipomoea jalapa	Bindweed
IRIS	Iris florentina	Orris root
QUASSIA	Picraena excelsa	Bitter wood, bitter ash
MATICO	Piper angustifolium	Soldier’s herb
CUBEBS	Piper cubeba	Tail peper, java pepper
MILKWORT	Polygala vulgaris	European seneca
BENNE	Sesamum indicum	Sesame, gingili, tell
QUEEN’S ROOT	Stillingia sylvatica	Queen’s delight, yaw root, silver leaf, cock-up hat
NUX VOMICA	Strychnos nux-vomica	Poison nut, ratsbane
GINGER, AFRICAN	Zingiber officinale	Jamaican ginger

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Pehr Kalm from Finland-Sweden toured the mid-Atlantic colonies up to Niagara Fall, 1749-1750.  Constantine Rafinesque was a French Botanist from France who produced on the first extensive multivolume review of the local flora, although in French rather than English.  Thomas Nuttall is one of several naturalists who toured this part of the United States and documented the local herbal medicines as well as the local zoology, often focusing on ornithology. 

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.

GENERA

LATIN NAME	COMMON NAME
Abies canadensis	HEMLOCK
Acer pennsylvanica	MAPLE, STRIPED
Acer rubrum	MAPLE, RED
Achillea millefolium	YARROW
Aconitum napellus	ACONITE
Acorus calamus	SWEET FLAG
Actaea alba	COHOSH, WHITE
Actaea rubra	COHOSH, RED
Adiantum pedatum	FERN, MAIDENHAIR
Agrimona eupatoria	AGRIMONY
Agropyron repens	DOG GRASS
Aletris farinosa	BLAZING STAR
Aletris farinosa	STAR ROOT
Allium sativum	GARLIC
Alnus serrulata	ALDER, RED or TAG
Alpinia galangal	GALANGAL
Althaea officinalis	MALLOW, MARSH
Althaea rosea	HOLLYHOCK
Amaranthus hypochondriacus	PILEWORT
Amygdalis persica	PEACH
Anethum graveolens	DILL
Angelica atropurpurea	ANGELICA
Anthemis arvensis	CHAMOMILE, LOW
Anthemis cotula	MAYWEED
Anthemis nobilis	CHAMOMILE
Apocynum androsaemifolium	BITTERROOT
Apocynum cannabinum	INDIAN HEMP
Aralia hispida	ELDER, DWARF
Aralia nudicaulis	SARSAPARILLA, AMERICAN WILD
Aralia racemosa	SPIKENARD
Arctium lappa	BURDOCK
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	UVA-URSI
Aristolochia serpentaria	SNAKEROOT, VIRGINIA
Armoracia lapathifolia	HORSERADISH
Arnica montana	ARNICA
Artemisia abrotanum	SOUTHERNWOOD
Artemisia absinthium	WORMWOOD, COMMON
Artemisia ambrosioides	WORMSEED
Artemisia pontica	ROMAN WORMWOOD
Artemisia vulgaris	MUGWORT
Arum triphyllum	DRAGON ROOT
Arum triphyllum	INDIAN TURNIP
Arum triphyllum	WILD TURNIP
Asarum canadense	GINGER, AMERICAN
Asarum canadense	SNAKEROOT, CANADA
Asclepias incarnata	INDIAN HEMP, WHITE
Asclepias syriaca	MILKWEED
Asclepias tuberosa	PLEURISY ROOT
Asparagus officinalis	ASPARAGUS ROOT
Aspidium spinulosum	SHIELD FERN
Asplenium angustifolium	SPLEENWORT, COMMON
Aster novae-angliae	STARFLOWER
Aster puniceus	COCASH
Athyrium filix-femina	BACKACHE BRAKE
Atropa belladonna	BELLADONNA
Baptisia tinctoria	INDIGO, WILD
Barosma betulina	BUCHU
Berberis vulgaris	BARBERRY
Betonica officinalis	BETONY, WOOD
Betula lenta	BIRCH, BLACK
Biden frondosa	CUCKOLD
Bidens connata	HARVEST LICE
Borago officinalis	BORAGE
Botrychium lunaria	CONSUMPTION BRAKE
Brassica alba	MUSTARD, WHITE
Brassica nigra	MUSTARD, BLACK
Calendula officinalis	MARIGOLD
Canella alba	CANELLA
Capsella bursa-pastoris	SHEPHERD’S PURSE
Capsicum annuum	CAYENNE
Capsicum frutescens	BIRD PEPPER
Carum carui	CARAWAY
Cassia marilandica	SENNA, AMERICAN
Caulophyllum thalictrioides	COHOSH, BLUE
Caulophyllum thalictrioides	PAPOOSE ROOT
Ceanothus americanus	RED ROOT
Celastrus scandens	BITTERSWEET, FALSE
Cerastium vulgare	CHESTNUT
Cetraria islandica	ICELAND MOSS
Chamaelirium luteum	UNICORN ROOT, FALSE
Chelidonium majus	CELANDINE, GARDEN
Chelone glabra	BALMONY
Chelone glabra	SNAKEHEAD
Chenopodium anthelminthicum	OAK OF JERUSALEM
Chenopodium botyris	OAK OF JERUSALEM
Chimaphila umbellata	PIPSISSEWA
Chondrodendron tomentosum	PEREIRA BRAVA
Chrysanthemum parthenium	FEVERFEW
Cichorium intybus	CHICORY
Cimicifuga racemosa	COHOSH, BLACK
Cimicifuga racemosa	SNAKEROOT, BLACK
Cinchona succirubra	CINCHONA
Cinnamomum zeylanicum	CINNAMON
Cirsium arvense	THISTLE  ROOT
Citrus aurantium	ORANGE
Clematis virginiana	VIRGIN’S BOWER
Cnicus benedictus	CARDUIS, SPOTTED
Cocculus carolinus	COLOMBO, AMERICAN
Cocculus palmatus	COLOMBO
Cochlearia officinalis	SCURVY GRASS
Colchicum autumnale	COLCHICUM
Colchicum autumnale	MEADOW SAFFRON
Collinsonia canadensis	RICHWEED
Collinsonia canadensis	STONE ROOT
Commiphora opobalsamum	BALM OF GILEAD
Comtonia peregrina	FERN, SWEET
Conium maculatum	CICUTA
Convolvulus panduratus	MAN ROOT
Coptis trifolia	GOLDTHREAD
Corallorhiza odontorhiza	CRAWLEY
Coriandrum sativum	CORIANDER
Cornus circinata	OSIER, GREEN
Cornus florida	BOXWOOD
Cornus sericea	DOGWOOD
Cornus sericea	WILLOW, ROSE
Crocus sativus	SAFFRON
Cucumis colocynthis	COLOCYNTH
Cucurbita pepo	PUMPKIN
Cucurbita vulgaris	WATERMELON
Cucurma longa	TURMERIC
Cunila mariana	DITTANY
Cunila origanoides	MOUNTAIN DITTANY
Cypripedium flavum	LADY’S SLIPPER
Cypripedium pubescens	LADY’S SLIPPER, YELLOW
Cypripedium pubescens	VALERIAN, AMERICAN
Cytisus scoparius	BROOM
Daphne mezereum	MEZEREON
Datura stramonium	THORN-APPLE
Daucus carota	CARROT, WILD
Delphinium consolida	LARKSPUR
Dicentra canadensis	TURKEY CORN
Digitalis purpurea	FOXGLOVE
Dioscorea villosa	CHOLIC ROOT
Dioscorea villosa	WILD YAM
Dipteryx odorata	TONQUA
Dirca palustris	LEATHERWOOD
Dracocephalum moldavica	BALM, MOLDAVIAN
Dryopteris filix-mas	FERN, MALE
Elattaria cardamomum	CARDAMOM
Epifagus virginiana	BEECHDROPS
Epigaea repens	GRAVEL PLANT
Epilobium angustifolium	WICKUP
Erechtites hieracifolia	FIREWEED
Erigeron canadense	FLEABANE
Erigeron philadelphicus	WHITE ROOT
Erythraea centaurium	BITTER HERB
Eugenia caryophyllata	CLOVES
Euonymus atropurpureus	WA-A-HOO
Eupatorium perfoliatum	BONESET
Eupatorium purpureum	QUEEN OF THE MEADOW
Eupatorium purpureum	STONE BRAKE
Euphorbia ipecacuanha	EUPHORBIA
Euphorbia ipecacuanha	IPECAC, AMERICAN
Fagus ferruginea	BEECH
Flavus pulvus	COHOSH, YELLOW
Foeniculum vulgare	FENNEL
Frageria virginiana	STRAWBERRY
Fraxinum americana	ASH, WHITE
Fumaria officinalis	FUMITORY
Galipea officinalis	ANGOSTURA
Galium aparine	CLEAVERS
Gaultheria procumbens	BOXBERRY
Gaultheria procumbens	CHECKERBERRY
Gaultheria procumbens	WINTERGREEN
Gelsemium sempervirens	GELSEMIUM
Gelsemium sempervirens	YELLOW JESSAMINE
Gentiana crinita	GENTIAN, BLUE-FRINGED
Geranium maculatum	CRANESBILL
Geum rivale	AVENS, WATER
Gillenia trifoliata	INDIAN PHYSIC
Glycyrrhiza glabra	LIQUORICE
Gnaphalium polycephalum	BALSAM, SWEET
Gnaphalium polycephalum	LIFE, EVERLASTING
Gnaphalium uliginosum	MOUSE EAR
Goodyera pubescens	PLANTAIN, DOWNY RATTLESNAKE
Gossypium herbaceum	COTTON ROOT
Haematoxylon campechianum	LOGWOOD
Hamamaelis virginiana	WITCHHAZEL
Hedeoma pulegioides	PENNYROYAL
Helianthemum canadense	FROSTWORT
Helianthus annuus	SUNFLOWER, GARDEN
Helianthus divaricatus	SUNFLOWER, WILD
Helleborus niger	HELLEBORE, BLACK
Hepatica americana	LIVERWORT
Heracleum lanatum	COW PARSNIP
Heuchera pubescens	ALUM ROOT
Humulus lupulus	HOPS
Hydranga arborescens	HYDRANGEA
Hydrastis canadensis	GOLDENSEAL
Hyoscyamus niger	HENBANE, BLACK
Hypericum perfoliatum	JOHNSWORT
Hyssopus officanlis	HYSSOP
Ignatius amara	IGNATIA BEAN
Impatiens pallida	CELANDINE, WILD
Imperatoria ostruthium	COWPARSNIP, ROYAL
Imperatoria ostruthium	MASTERWORT
Inula helenium	ELECAMPANE
Ipomoea jalapa	JALAP
Iris florentina	IRIS
Iris sambucina	FLOWER DE LUCE
Iris versicolor	BLUE FLAG
Jeffersonia diphyllum	TWINLEAF
Juglans cinerea	BUTTERNUT
Juglans cinerea	WALNUT
Juniperus communis	JUNIPER
Juniperus sabina	SAVIN
Juniperus virginiana	CEDAR, RED
Kalmia angustifolia	LAUREL, SHEEP
Krameria triandria	RHATANY
Lactuca sativa	LETTUCE, GARDEN
Lactuca virosa	LETTUCE, WILD
Larix americana	TAMARACK
Lavandula vera	LAVENDAR, ENGLISH
Ledum latifolium	LABRADOR TEA
Leonurus cardiaca	MOTHERWORT
Leptandra virginiana	CULVER’S ROOT
Leucanthemum vulgare	DAISY, WHITE
Levisticum officinale	LOVAGE
Liatris spicata	SNAKEROOT, BUTTON
Ligustrum vulgare	PRIVET
Lindera benzoin	FEVERBUSH
Lindera benzoin	SPICEBUSH
Linum usitatissimum	FLAX
Liquidambar styraciflua	SWEET GUM
Liriodendron tulipifera	WHITEWOOD
Lobelia cardinalis	CARDINAL, RED
Lobelia inflata	LOBELIA
Lobelia syphilitica	CARDINAL, BLUE
Lycopersicum esculetum	TOMATO
Lycopus americanus	BUGLE, SWEET
Lycopus europaeus	BUGLE, BITTER
Lycopus europaeus	WATER HOARHOUND
Malva rotundifolia	MALLOW, LOW
Marrubium vulgare	HROEHOUND
Melilotus alba	CLOVER, WHITE
Melilotus officinalis	KING’S CLOVER
Melilotus officinalis	SWEET CLOVER
Melissa officinalis	BALM, LEMON
Menispermum canadense	PARILLA, YELLOW
Mentha piperita	PEPPERMINT
Mentha viridis	SPEARMINT
Menyanthes trifoliata	BUCKBEAN
Mitchella repens	SQUAW VINE
Mitella cordifolia	COOLWORT
Monarda didyma	OSWEGO TEA
Monarda punctata	HORSEMINT
Monarda punctata	MONARDA
Monotropa uniflora	FITROOT
Morus rubra	MULBERRY
Myrica cerifera	BAYBERRY
Myrical gale	SWEET GALE
Narcissus pseudo-narcissus	DAFFODIL
Nepeta cataria	CATMINT
Nepeta glechoma	IVY, GROUND
No Latin name	COMPOSITION POWDERS
Nuphar advena	LILY, YELLOW WATER
Nymphaea odorata	LILY, WHITE WATER
Ocimum basilicum	BASIL, SWEET
Oenothera biennis	SCABBISH
Onosmodium virginianum	JOB’S TEARS
Origanum marjorana	MARJORAM, SWEET
Orobanche virginiana	CANCER ROOT
Osmorhiza longistylus	CICELY, SWEET
Osmunda regalis	BUCKHORN BRAKE
Oxalis acetosella	SORREL, LADY’S
Paeonia officinalis	PEONY
Panax quinquefolium	GINSENG
Papaver somniferum	POPPY
Pellea atropurpurea	ROCKBRAKE
Petroselenium sativum	PARSLEY
Phytolacca decandra	GARGET
Phytolacca decandra	POKE
Picraena excelsa	QUASSIA
Pimpinella anisum	ANISE
Pinus rigida	HEMLOCK
Pinus strobus	PINE, WHITE
Piper angustifolium	MATICO
Piper cubeba	CUBEBS
Plantago major	PLANTAIN
Podophyllum peltatum	MANDRAKE
Polemonium coeruleum	JACOB’S LADDER
Polemonium reptans	ABCESS
Polemonium reptans	VALERIAN, GREEK
Polygala senega	SNAKEROOT, SENECA
Polygala vulgaris	MILKWORT
Polygonum hydropiper	WATER PEPPER
Polygonum multiflorum	SOLOMON’S SEAL, GIANT
Polygonum persicaria	HEART’S EASE
Polypodium vulgare	FERN, POLYPODY
Polytrichum juniperum	MOSS, HAIRCAP
Populus tremuloides	ASPEN, QUAKING
Populus tremuloides	POPLAR
Potentialla anserina	SILVER WEED
Potentialla canadensis	FIVE-FINGER GRASS
Prenanthes alba	CANKER ROOT
Prenanthes serpentaria	CANKER WEED
Prinos verticillatus	ALDER, BLACK
Prunella vulgaris	HEAL-ALL
Prunella vulgaris	SELF-HEAL
Prunus serotina	CHERRY, WILD
Ptelea trifoliata	PTELEA
Pulmonaria virginica	LUNGWORT
Punica granatum	POMEGRANATE
Pycnanthemum montanum	MOUNTAIN MINT
Pyrus americana	ASH, MOUNTAIN
Pyrus malus	APPLETREE
Quercus alba	OAK BARK, WHITE
Quercus rubra,	OAK BARK, RED
Quercus tinctoria	OAK BARK, BLACK
Ranunculus acris	BUTTERCUP
Rhamnus cathartica	BUCKTHORN
Rheum palmatum	RHUBARB
Rhus glabra	SUMACH
Rhus toxicodendron	POISON IVY
Ricinus communis	CASTOR OIL PLANT
Rosa alba	ROSE, WHITE
Rosa centifolia	ROSE
Rosa damascena	ROSE, DAMASK
Rosa gallica officinalis	ROSE, RED
Rosmarinus officinalis	ROSEMARY
Rubus strigosus	RASPBERRY
Rubus villosus, Rubus occidentalis	BLACKBERRY
Rudbeckia laciniata	THIMBLE WEED
Rumex acetosella	SORREL, SHEEP
Rumex aquaticus	DOCK, WATER
Rumex aquaticus	WATER, DOCK
Rumex crispus	DOCK, YELLOW
Rumex obtusifolius	DOCK, BROADLEAF
Ruta graveolens	RUE
Sabatia angularis	CENTAURY, AMERICAN
Salix alba	WILLOW, WHITE
Salix discolor	WILLOW, PUSSY
Salix tristis	SAGE WILLOW
Salvia officinalis	SAGE
Salvia sclarea	CLARY
Sambucus canadensis	ELDER
Sanguinaria canadensis	BLOODROOT
Sanguisorba officinalis	BURNET, GREAT
Sanicula marilandica	SANICLE, BLACK
Saponaria officinalis	SOAPWORT
Sarracenia purpurea	PITCHER PLANT
Sarracenia purpurea	WATERCUP
Sassafras officinale	SASSAFRAS
Satureia hortensis	SAVORY, SUMMER
Satureia montana	SAVORY, WINTER
Scabiosa succisa	SCABIOUS
Scrophularia marilandica	CARPENTER’S SQUARE
Scrophularia marilandica	SCROFULA
Scutellaria lateriflora	SCULLCAP
Secale cereale	SPURRED RYE
Secale cornatum	ERGOT
Senecio aureus	LIFE ROOT
Senecio aureus	SQUAW-WEED
Sesamum indicum	BENNE
Silphium laciniatum	ROSIN-WEED
Silphium perfoliatum	INDIAN CUP
Smilacina racemosa	SOLOMON’S SEAL, SMALL
Solanum dulcamara	BITTERSWEET
Solanum nurgum	NIGHTSHADE, BLACK
Solidago odora	GOLDENROD
Spidelia marylandica	PINK ROOT
Spiraea tomentosa	HARDHACK
Spiraea tomentosa	STEEPLEBUSH
Statice caroliniana	MARSH ROSEMARY
Stellaria media	CHICKWEED
Stillingia sylvatica	QUEEN’S ROOT
Stillingia sylvatica	STILLINGIA
Strychnos nux-vomica	NUX VOMICA
Symphytum officinale	COMFREY
Symplocarpus foetidus	SKUNK CABBAGE
Tanacetum vulgare	TANSY
Taraxacum officianle	DANDELION
Thymus serpyllum	THYME
Thymus vulgaris	THYME, ENGLISH
Tilia americana	BASSWOOD
Tilia americana	TILIA FLOWERS
Trifolium filiforme	CLOVER, YELLOW
Trifolium pratense	CLOVER, RED
Trillium pendulum	BETHROOT
Trillium purpureum	TRILLIUM, PURPLE
Triosteum perfoliatum	FEVERROOT
Triticum repens	KNOT GRASS
Tussilago farfara	COLTSFOOT
Ulmus fulva	ELM, SLIPPERY
Urginea scilla	SQUILL
Urtica dioica	NETTLE
Uvularia perfoliata	BELLWORT
Vaccinium myrtillus	WHORTLEBERRY
Valeriana officinalis	VALERIAN, ENGLISH
Veratrum viride	HELLEBORE, WHITE
Verbascum thapsus	MULLEIN
Verbena hastata	VERVAIN
Vernonia fasciculata	IRONWEED
Veronica beccabunga	BROOKLIME
Veronica officinalis	SPEEDWELL, COMMON
Viburnum lentago	NANNY BUSH
Viburnum opulus	CRAMP BARK
Viola pedata	VIOLET
Viola rostrata	VIOLET, CANKER
Zanthoxylum americanum	ASH, PRICKLY
Zingiber officinale	GINGER, AFRICAN

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